American Torture Techniques Against Detainees

American Torture Techniques Against Detainees The U.S. government has been accused of using torture-lite or moderate physical pressure against detainees, persons held in custody for political reasons, typically because they pose a distinct threat to the U.S. or possess information crucial to American security. In practical terms, what does this mean? Palestinian Hanging This form of torture is sometimes  referred to as Palestinian hanging due to its use by the Israeli government against Palestinians. It involves binding the prisoners hands behind his back. After fatigue sets in, the prisoner will inevitably fall forward, putting full body weight on his shoulders and impairing breathing. If the prisoner is not released,  death by crucifixion  may eventually result. Such was the fate of U.S. prisoner  Manadel al-Jamadi  in 2003. Psychological Torture The number one criterion for torture-lite is that it must leave no physical marks. Whether U.S. officials are threatening to execute a prisoners family or falsely claiming that the leader of his terror cell is dead, a steady diet of misinformation and threats can be effective.   Sensory Deprivation Its remarkably easy for prisoners to lose track of time when theyre locked up in cells. Sensory deprivation involves removing all noise and light sources as well. Guantanamo prisoners  were additionally bound, blindfolded and wore earmuffs. Whether prisoners subjected to long-term sensory deprivation can still tell fiction from reality is a matter of some debate.   Starvation and Thirst Maslows hierarchy of needs identifies basic physical needs as the most fundamental, more so than religion, political ideology or community. A prisoner may be given just enough food and water to survive. It may take as long as a week before he appears physically thinner, but his life will come to revolve around a quest for food and he may be more inclined to divulge information in exchange for food and water.   Sleep Deprivation Studies have shown that missing a nights sleep temporarily drains 10 points from a persons IQ. Consistent sleep deprivation  through harassment, exposure to bright lights and exposure to loud, jarring music and recordings can drastically impair judgment and wear down resolve.   Waterboarding Water torture is one of the oldest and most common forms of torture. It arrived in the U.S. with the first colonists and has cropped up many times since then. Waterboarding  is its latest incarnation. It  involves  a prisoner being strapped down to a board then dunked in water. Hes brought back to the surface and the process is then repeated until his interrogator secures the information being sought.   Forced Standing Most common in the 1920s, forced standing involves prisoners standing in place, often overnight. In some cases, the prisoner may face a wall, standing with his arms extended and his  fingertips touching it.   Sweatboxes Sometimes referred to as a hot box or simply as the box, the prisoner is locked up in a small, hot room which, due to lack of ventilation, essentially functions as an oven. The prisoner is released when he cooperates. Long used as a form of torture in the U.S., it is particularly effective in the arid Middle East. Sexual Assault  and Humiliation Various forms of sexual assault and humiliation documented in U.S. prison camps  as forms of torture include forced nudity, forcible smearing of menstrual blood on prisoners faces, forced lap dances, forced transvestitism and forced homosexual acts on other prisoners.

Short History of Kwanzaa

Short History of Kwanzaa Free Online Research Papers In this short essay I am going to discuss the history of Kwanzaa. I am going to briefly discuss how Kwanzaa came about, and how it is traditionally practiced. Kwanzaa is a non-religious African American holiday that emphasizes family, culture, and community. In 1966 Dr. Maulana Karenga, a professor of African American Studies, at the University of California, Long Beach, wanted to find a way to bring African Americans together as a community. He started to research traditional African harvest celebrations, particularly Karenga. Karenga combines harvest celebrations from several different tribes, such as those from the Ashanti and Zulu tribe. The name Kwanzaa is taken from the Swahili phrase â€Å"matunda ya kwanza,† which means first fruits. Kwanzaa is celebrated over the seven days between Christmas and New Years. While every family celebrates Kwanzaa a little bit differently, most partake in traditional dances, music, literature and a large traditionally African meal. At the end of each of the seven nights a child lights a candle on the Kinara, a candle stick that holds seven candles, while the family discusses one of the Nguzo Saba’s. Nguzo Saba means seven principles in Swahili. The seven principles are unity, self-determination, responsibility, cooperative economics, purpose, creativity, and faith. The center candle is the only black candle and is lit the first night; it represents unity which is part of the main basis that Kwanzaa is built on. Kwanzaa is a very important part of African Americans embracing their culture and a way to bring the community together in celebration of their roots. Research Papers on Short History of KwanzaaBringing Democracy to AfricaHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XCapital PunishmentPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenWhere Wild and West Meet

A thing or place that effect you and change your life Essay

A thing or place that effect you and change your life - Essay Example This allowed me to understand how life shaped up and what I needed to do in order to learn more new things and find remedies to problems which came up all of a sudden, and without many warning signs. Learning a new language was always exciting to me because I believed that with a little effort, I could master a dictum which was not my own. This indeed was the motivating force behind my acquisition of a new language within school at Canada. Work was no doubt fun but getting back to school after a while gave me immense reasons to smile once again. It made me feel like I was someone younger to my age, and allowed me to experience the joy of learning things yet again. It seldom happens that a grown up gets to feel the thrills of being back at school, and I can safely and proudly say that I have had such an experience ever since I joined school again. Just the feeling that I can be counted amongst the students who will learn something novel and unique was enough to tell me that I had made the right decision by re-joining school within Canada. It made me feel privileged more than anything else. What this did was to change my life for the better and that too in a quantifiable way. It made me feel at ease with the changing norms of the time and allowed me to get acquainted with how I can enrich my life time and time again. The people around me also supported the fact that I have made the right decision and this shall facilitate me in future realms which remain very quintessential for me undoubtedly. Also I found out that the teachers present in the school assisted me without any concerns whatsoever. They made me feel at ease with what was being taught and I felt at home with what I was learning all this while. In the end, I would fathom that this was indeed one of the best lessons that I had from life up till now. It allowed me to understand life’s different

Use Of Force Managemnt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Use Of Force Managemnt - Essay Example The U.S. Department of Justice, through its Community Oriented Policing Services, indicated that the use of force was a natural reaction in response to cases requiring apprehension of suspected criminals to protect one lives and that of others. Likewise, it was indicated in a published report by COPS that there was actually no clear and concise definition of the use of force but the accepted meaning was sourced from â€Å"the  International Association of Chiefs of Police  (IACP) in its study,  Police Use of Force in America 2001, defined use of force as "The amount of effort required by police to compel compliance by an unwilling subject.†" (U.S. DOJ: COPS, 2010). In this regard, the research aims to proffer issues on the use of force, specifically focusing on police brutality by identifying the problem, accountability, enhanced police accountability, accreditation and risk management, among others. A recommendation from the issues discussed would be presented prior to concluding remarks. Due to the critical position, tasks and responsibilities accorded to private security officers, there have been several documented instances of abuse of their authority. As such â€Å"most of these crimes fall into five broad areas: excessive force, sexual assaults, false arrest and fabrication of evidence, deprivation of property, and failure to keep from harm.† (FBI: Color of Law Abuses, 2010, par. 4). When the use of force becomes excessive and unreasonable, police brutality ensues, thereby posing dangers to the victims in terms of violations of human rights and even the possibility of grave injuries and death. According to David Mangan in his written article entitled Police Brutality: The Use of Excessive Force published as a Drury University paper, the use of excessive force tantamount to manifesting a form of police brutality is actually a criminal act constituting

The Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, [brace] Essay

The Tryals of Joseph Dawson, Edward Forseith, William May, [brace] William Bishop, James Lewis, and John Sparkes for several piracies and robberies by them committed - Essay Example 3-7). On the other hand, the witnesses for the kings were sworn in whereby, the Grand Jury withdrew and returned back afterwards and the case proceeds (Dawson, p.3-5). Five men were found guilty namely John sparks, William Bishop, William May, Edward Forseith, James Lewis. This is because the five men participated directly or indirect in piracy crime (Dawson, p. 24-26).On the other hand, Joseph Dawson was considered innocent because he was not on board unlike other culprits who witnessed the crime and decided to remain quite(Dawson, p. 24-26). Additionally, the judges considered group involvement to commit a felony as complicity whereby, a syndicate or a group of gang located in different locations whether on the sea or in the land corporate to commit a felony (Dawson, p. 23-27). The result of poor circumstance may be attributed to lack of a comprehensive structure that defines the rimes of piracy crime (Dawson, p. 24-26). In above connection, judge Charles Hedge an expert in law defined crime of piracy as robbery of the sea whereby, sea bandits hijacked captains, ships and cargo on board and take cargo and money. This crime may include all crimes but not limited to those committed on air, land, internet and water bodies (Dawson, p. 18-25). Additionally, crime of piracy may involve unlawful acts or attempts to steal from pirates both from the water bodies and even out side the sea (Dawson, p. 18-25). On the other hand, defense attorney asserted that their clients did not commit any acts of piracy because they did not forcefully rob or removed any thing of value from the ship. Therefore, their acts were not within the scope of piracy crime as defined by the judge (Dawson, p. 22-24). Additionally, future lawyers should focus on the actual structure and organization of a pirate trial. This is because, the structures in this case were not specific and therefore, those who were guilty went unpunished. This could have been prevented if there was specific

Risperidone for Methamphetamine Induced Psychotic Disorder

Risperidone for Methamphetamine Induced Psychotic Disorder On the efficacy of risperidone for the treatment of methamphetamine induced psychotic disorder, a dose ranging study Induced psychosis, diagnosis and treatment Worldwide growing methamphetamine abuse is one of the most serious health problems with several different consequences for victims, especially in developing countries. Chronic methamphetamine abuse is associated with several psychiatric problems in all countries which are faced to epidemic methamphetamine abuse. Methamphetamine induced psychosis (MIP) is a major medical challenge for clinical practitioner from both diagnostic and therapeutic viewpoints. Stimulant psychosis commonly occurs in people who abuse stimulants, but it also occurs in some patients taking therapeutic doses of stimulant drugs under medical supervision. The main characteristic of meth psychosis is the presence of prominent hallucinations and delusions. Other drugs, such as cocaine and marijuana, can trigger the onset of psychosis in someone who is already at increased risk because they have vulnerability. The current literature review attends to explain several aspects of MIP, including epidemiologically, clinically and investigators proposed pharmacologically treatment based on recently published data. Introduction Amphetamine and methamphetamine have the most substances for abuse among the synthetic psychostimulant across the world1. The overall the prevalence of methamphetamine users (excluding amphetamine users) ranges from 10.5 to 28.5 million people worldwide (0.2% to 0.6% of adults between 15 to 64 years old)2. Accompanied to amphetamine these synthetic psychostimulants are ranked as the 2nd abuser illicit drugs after cannabis as the 1st and before cocaine and opiates1. Many consequences follow methamphetamine abusers including medical, psychiatric, cognitive, legal and socioeconomic problems. It is unclear why methamphetamine abusers are more involved with legal consequences than all other illicit drug abusers3. It might be due to more psychotic symptoms induced by these psychostimulant drugs, or flaring of symptoms in a subtle or stable schizophrenia which could be exacerbated by methamphetamine4. It has been well known that such drugs are able to produce psychotic symptoms in persons with no history of previous psychiatric disorders.5,6 Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of MIP There are other substances able to produce psychosis including cocaine, cannabis, alcohol, hallucinogens, heroin and sedatives7.There will be a diagnostic challenge to meet a net diagnosis for drug-induced psychosis, if the clinical practitioner cannot establish the presence of psychotic symptoms before initiating drug abuse. In a survey, among 400 cases who admitted in different psychiatric emergency departments for their psychotic symptoms, 44% received a substance-induced psychosis diagnosis and 56% were diagnosed essential psychosis8. According to DSM-IV criteria, diagnosis of primary psychosis is usually after at least 4 weeks with persisting symptoms without heavy substance use. In addition to the previous history of substance abuse, other factors lead to drug-induced psychosis including parental substance abuse, dependency to drug (rather than occasional abuse) and visual hallucination. Lower positive and negative syndrome scale with th positive history of drug abuse put in fa vor of drug-induced psychosis, as well as more consciousness to psychotic symptoms and more tendency to suicidal thoughts are another feature of drug-induced psychosis. Generally, reported psychotic symptoms due to MethAmphetamine(MA) abuse, from USA, Japan, Taiwan, Australia and Iran are the same as each other including (as studied by Fasihpour et al) persecutory delusions (82%), auditory hallucination (70.3%), reference delusion (57.7%), visual hallucination (44.1%), grandiosity delusion (39.6%) and jealousy delusion (26.1%)9. Although certain risk factors could not be extracted among documented literature and many conducted studies by different authors in involved countries have been reported more common factors include: 1. Pyschosis induction is largely dose-dependent than duration-dependent5,10,11 2. Positive family history of psychotic symptoms especially in first degree relatives5. Interestingly protracted and more resistant psychosis was occurred in abuser persons, whose one of their first degree relatives has been involved by schizophrenia12.3. Presence of premorbidity in abuser subjects, such as schizoid/schizotypal personality traits, alcohol dependency, antisocial personality disorders and major depression, all can be psychosis induced by methamphetamine5. 4. History of sexual abuse experience, recent higher occasion of MethAmphetamine(MA) abuse plus another illicit substance13. 5. Childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) may be associated frequently with psychosis reports14. 6. Hi gher serum level of methamphetamine and amphetamine are associated with more profound psychotic symptoms4. The route of consumption (oral, smoking, injection) was not a significant factor in Mc Keit et al study6. But according to Matsumoto et al. smoker abuser show more quickly acute psychotic symptoms than who use the injection, because smokers have poor control on MA consumption. In addition psychotic syndromes in injection abusers require more medical care to respond to treatment15. Other personal characteristics such as age at which abuse is started, education, IQ, and duration of methamphetamine use were not associated significantly with risk of psychosis developing among abusers8. Female preponderance for undergoing psychotic symptoms was established among participant persons in the study of Mahoney and his coleagues16. It is noticeable to mention that the results of studies on MIP characteristics are somewhat inconsistent because of different cultural population, different accuracy in methods of studies and so on. But they provide a general opinion for further investigations and more accurate and localized studies. Sign and symptoms of MIP Reported psychotic symptoms among several different studies performed in Japan17, Taiwan5, Australia6, Tailand18 and Iran9 all are unanimous in obtained results. The most common features include persecutory delusion and auditory hallucination followed by delusion of reference, visual hallucination and thought broadcasting. MIP is initiated with excitation and increased focusing or concentration states, following by prepsychotic states and delusions which may subsequently progress to overt psychosis with positive symptoms10. The onset of first psychotic episode from the first occasion of methamphetamine consumption ranges from 1.7 years in smoker abusers to 4.4 years in injectioners19 and or 5.2 years without considering route of abuse10. Individuals with intense eagerness20, injection of methamphetamine and methamphetamine abusers are at higher risk for experiencing more severe psychosis21. Although MIP usually have short courses duration but longer and persistent episodes of psychos is have been reported even after discontinuation of drug abuse and in abstinence period17. As protracted MIP frequently occurred in many studies, it remains unclear whether methamphetamine can produce a chronic psychotic disorder or methamphetamine has uncovered a psychotic disorder in a patient with psychotic background5. The risk factors for developing long lasting MIP include positive family history of first degree relative involved to schizophrenia, premorbidity with a personality disorder specially schizoid/schizotypal form, a former neurological disorder like ADHD, head injury and learning disability2. During the abstinent period, MIP relapse might occur in a previously undergone short MIP, as well as any stressor like insomnia and severe alcohol intake.10,23,24 Methamphetamine and not stress induced MIP relapse occur with a likelihood of 60% to 80% in less than 1week to 1 month respectively, after re-exposure to MA8. A history of more than 2 years MA abuse makes the person susceptible for spontaneous relapse of psychosis without any methamphetamine reabusing for years.10 MIP Treatment pharmacological approaches Although no medical agent(s) are approved as therapeutic drug for MIP yet, due to a few numbers of pharmacological evaluations which have been proformed for finding a suitable choice in recent years. According to bio-molecular neurotransmitters influenced by MA, several pharmacologic agents are proposed for treating MA with clinical implications such as dependency and MIP. In this review a brief will run to introduce involved pharmacological groups separately. Dopaminergic agents Modafinil is a dopaminergic agonist approved essentially for sleep disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea and idiopathic hypersomnia. Modafinil may increase efficacy of cognitive behavioral treatments and decrease craving in methamphetamine dependency25. It may have beneficial effect in schizophrenia and thereby in MIP.26,27 Bupropion, a re-uptake inhibitor of dopamine has demonstrated its effect as decreasing methamphetamine use specially in low to moderated dependency.28,29,30 Methylphenidate (Ritaline) and Dextroamphethamine (d-amphethamine) both increase releasing of dopamine in synaptic cleft and have high capacity to be abused. They show strong efficacy in studies to stop or reduce MA abuse in even deep dependency.31-34 Although the above quoted drugs have not revealed any direct effect for MIP, but it seems that appetite decreasing for MA use occur by these drugs, which can be indirectly effective for managing MIP as well. Aripiperazole, a dopamine D2-receptore partial agonist and a second generation antidepressant is proposed for MethAmphetamine(MA) dependency and MIP. In a study driven by Sulaiman et al. Aripiperazole was effective for diminishing the severity of psychosis resulted from methamphetamine, but it was failed to increase abstinence duration.35 In another study, Farnia et al. compared the efficacy of aripiperazole versus risperidone in MIP cases, in a double blind randomised control trial. After six weeks trial with aripiperazole 15mg/day or risperidone 4mg/day, they concluded that both drugs are able to significantly decrease the MIP severity, however rispridone causes showed more reduction on positive symptoms while aripiperazole was more effective on negative symptoms.36 The ability of antipsychotics like aripiperazole and haloperidol in suppressing the dopamine releasing in amygdala of animal experiments which caused marked reduction in behavioral sensitivity following MA exposure, may explain its benefits on MIP.37 In another animal model study, it was shown by Futamara et al. that aripiperazole can diminish behavioral sensitization through acting on 5-HT1A receptor.38 Risperidone is evaluated solely for its ability to prolong abstinent period in 4 weeks administration of 3.6mg/day in an open-label trying. Results demonstrate a decrease in meth consumption in abusers.39 Two separate case reports have considered the dramatic response of MIP to risperidone therapy.40,41 Despite safety applications of classic antipsychotics Hatzipetros et al. warned about an unknown toxic effect of conventional antipsychotics like administrating the haloperidol to GABAergic cells in subchronic treatment of MIP might lead to hyperkinetic movement disorder and convulsion42. Other antipsychotics like quetiapine and olanzepine were applied successfully for drug– induced psychosis.43,44 GABAergic agents Several different GABA agents like baclofen45,gabapantine45,46, vigabatrine47,48, topiramate49 and benzodiazepines were proposed for treatment of MA dependency and associated psychosis based on their effects on decreasing the dopamine transmission in mesolymbic system by which reinforcing effects of MA is reduced.50,51 But ,actually conducted trial studies are somewhat inconsistent to suggest a precise recommendation.49,52 Nevertheless Ito K et al. showed that clonazepam in animal model experiments did not obtain explicating of behavioral sensitization in rats which were under treatment with MA.53 Serotonergic agents No pharmacological trial studies lead to any clinical recommendation of serotonergic agents for MIP found in web published searching except for two animal experiments in which the role of serotonergic receptors are evaluated in locomotor activating and developing behavioral sensitization. Kaneko et al. studied the inhibitory effect of fluoxetine and paroxetin, 2 clinically available SSRI agents, on establishing and expression of MA induced behavioral sensitization and suggested a prophylactic role of SSRIs for preventing of psychotic states like hallucination and paranoid symptoms due to methamphetamine abuse.54 Ago et al. demonstrated the critical role of serotonine system in behavioral sensitization formation in mice by osemozotan a 5-HT1A-receptor agonist and ritanserin a 5-HT2-receptore antagonist and again suggested a capacity of serotonergic agents for treating methamphetamine psychosis.55 Opioid antagonist Naltrexone, a pure antagonist of morphine have showed successful outcomes in MA dependency management by decreasing craving, probably because of endogenous opioid system modulating role in reducing of reinforcing effects of metamphetamine.56-61 Behavioral sensitization produced by frequently exposure to methamphetamine is prevented by induction and expression of naltrexone in mice.62 But naltrexone plus N-acetylsysteine, an antioxidant, fail to demonstrate priority to placebo group for MA dependency treatment.63 Although no particular study with emphasis on the effects of naltrexone on MA-induced psychosis was found, it may be associated with precise changes in severity and prevalence of MIP because of its strong effects on abolishing dependency. Other unclassified treatment Minocycline, a second generation antibiotic was proposed for MIP treatment. In two separate case reports minocycline administration were associated with significant results in curing the psychotic symptoms of methamphetamine abuse probably due to its anti-inflammatory effects on micoglia.64,65 Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is mentioned for its high capacity to create a dramatic response in a MIP cases whose psychotic symptoms were resistant to conventional pharmacological antipsychotic therapy.66 Discussion Methamphetamine abuse is now going to become an epidemic problem in many countries. Chronic MA abuser underwent many medical psychiatric cognitive and legal consequences. One of the most important complications is the psychosis. Many studies were performed and a plenty of pharmacological drugs were proposed for managing of MA dependency, although none of them were approved yet, but only a few investigations tried to find drugs targeted on psychosis due to MA. These drugs as reviewed in this articles belongs to different biochemical neurotransmitters like dopaminergic antipsychotics, serotonergic agents and GABAergic drugs. All the studied drugs failed to obtain approval validity, although according to the results of conducted studies merely all of these agents could subside the MA associated psychosis. Recognizing neurotransmitter/receptor systems involved and influenced by MA in animal models and human experiments that can elevate knowledge about developing MA-induced psychiatric sy ndromes, especially psychosis, is the best way to overcome MIP pharmacologically and is recommended strongly for future studies.

The Theme of Justice in The Crucible Essay -- The Crucible Arthur Mill

The Theme of Justice in The Crucible The crucible was set in 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts. The play is based on true facts about events that actually took place. It is about a small secluded town that relies strongly on their religion to keep them feeling safe. Their enemy is the devil and they are always scared of the devil and constantly looking for signs that the devil is there. â€Å"We cannot leap to witchcraft. They will howl me out of Salem for such corruption in my house.† The fear of the devil gets so strong the town’s justice system take strong actions to keep everyone safe. The paradox between justice and freedom is very unbalanced. The justice and courts are so strict none of the Salem people have their own personal freedom. Miller is questioning the fairness of the justice in Salem and that of the justice system in the US in the 50’s at the time he wrote the play. This is called an allegory. In the 50’s McCarthyism was the suppression of communism. Anyone accused of being a communist would be put into prison. Anyone who criticized the government was brought before the court and asked to name people they had seen at communist meetings. Arthur Miller did not agree with the system and wanted to get his views across. If he wrote a play about Senator McCarthy and his justice systems faults then he would have been arrested and the play would not have been shown. He made the play about the witchcraft in Salem to cover up his true meaning whilst being a polemic teaching people of the corruption in the justice system. The characters in Salem all represent people from the US in the 50’s. The Judges represent the Senators. Miller makes them disliked by the audience by showing the unfairness of thei... ...itute in Boston† To make people feel there is justice as Abby got what she deserved and people finally saw through her and she revealed the truth to what she really was. Miller states that Paris was voted out of office. This was also what happened to Senator McCarthy they both were causing injustice and in the end were both expelled. This means that they have got their justice. The audience is most concerned if John gets his justice. He does because the audience can all see that he is a good man and he becomes a hero to anyone watching the play. The characters in the play don’t celebrate him as a hero but from everyone watching he is praised. This means his message of following your own sense of right and wrong is received my hundreds of people. This is how John gets his justice and how miller restores people’s faith in the goodness of humanity.

Essay on Compulsory Primary Education Essay

In a country everybody should know how to read and write and how to count, so that everybody can help the society with a better capacity. Primary education is based mainly on reading, writing and arithmetic. This is the minimum education that one should get, specially in a poor country like India, where nothing more can be possibly done owing to paucity of funds. Advantages: The present age is the age of people. In most of the countries there are democratic form of Government. Democracy cannot be successful if the people are illiterate. Because illiterate persons cannot read the newspapers. They cannot read the political pamplets. So, they remain in dark about their country’s affairs. People should have a least the primary education for their easy conduct in the society and for the success of democracy. Why it should be made compulsory: The poor people do not send their children to school for want of money. Some children work elsewhere to supplement their family-income. The farmer’s children help their parents in the field. So, they cannot come to school if it is not made compulsory. but it must be free education and children should get their books and slates from the Government. Most of the parents being poor, their children should be provided with free fooding and free clothing. Conclusion: It is the duty of every Government to make the primary education free and compulsory. The Government of India should work out this scheme with all sincerity, so that all the children of the entire country will come within the scheme. People should co-operate with the Government in this campaign. Students can help their local people to work out the primary education programme. During their holidays and vacations they should open camp-schools in their own localities and teach the local children in suitable hours.

An Investigation to find out how Light Intensity affects Photosynthesis in Pondweed Essays

An Investigation to find out how Light Intensity affects Photosynthesis in Pondweed Essays An Investigation to find out how Light Intensity affects Photosynthesis in Pondweed Essay An Investigation to find out how Light Intensity affects Photosynthesis in Pondweed Essay Essay Topic: Synthesis We Real Cool The investigation is intended to demonstrate the way in which photosynthesis in pondweed is affected by light intensity. I have read about photosynthesis in Illustrated Biology by B.S. Becket, as well as Biology, a fictional approach by M.B.V. Roberts, and this is my summery:Most plants are neither carnivores nor herbivores, they do not feed on complex organic molecules and can instead synthesis organic compounds from inorganic raw materials, this is called Autotrophic Nutrition. There are two different types of Autotrophic Nutrition: Chemosynthesis and Photosynthesis. The method used by all green plants is Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis can be summarised by:Light energyChlorophyll6CO2+6H2O?C6H12O6+6O2Carbon DioxideWaterGlucoseOxygenEnergy from sunlight is trapped by chlorophyll contained in chloroplasts found mostly in the leaves of plants, and is used to combine carbon dioxide with water. Carbon dioxide is absorbed through pores called stomata which are usua lly located on the under surface of the leaves, and water is absorbed from the soil by the roots. The main product generated by photosynthesis is monosaccharide sugar (glucose). This can be converted into proteins for growth, broken down into carbon dioxide and water for energy production, or built up into starch for storage. A waste product of oxygen is also released.The structure of a leafPlanOxygen is the only gas released during photosynthesis. Therefore, to find out how light affects photosynthesis in pondweed, I will measure the volume of gas released from some Canadian pondweed (Elodea). I will record the volume of gas releases every minute, for six minutes, before changing the intensity of light the pondweed is exposed to, and repeating the procedure.The range of equipment available for me to use in school is limited, so this is what I shall be using:a. Lampb. Clamp standc. Meter ruler (cm)d. Bung with a hole in ite. Water containing Sodium Bicarbonatef. Bent delivery tubeg. Conical flaskh. Black paper and some sticky tapei. Scale (mm)j. Elodea (Canadian Pondweed)k. Ink bubblel. StopwatchIn order to get the ink bubble into the delivery tube I will use the following method:1. Seal the top end of the delivery tube.2. Dip the bottom end of the delivery tube into a pool of ink.3. Seal the bottom end of the delivery tube.4. Remove the seal from the top end of the delivery tube.5. Tip the delivery tube up and release seal to position bubble, and then replace seal.6. Seal the bottom of the delivery tube to the test tube, and then finally remove the seal from the top of the delivery tube.To discover accurately the affect of light intensity on pondweed (i.e. maintain a fair experiment), I shall have to supply sufficient amounts of four of the five factors necessary for photosynthesis to take place, these are carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll, and heat. This is so that the fifth factor, light, is the only factor limiting any photosynthesis that takes place. In addition, the levels of carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll, and heat need to be kept at a constant. This is so that light intensity is the only variable of which the affect is being measured. Since the investigation is intended to demonstrate the way in which light intensity affects photosynthesis in pondweed, I will obviously have to vary the light intensity. If I varied both the light intensity and levels of carbon dioxide, for instance, and kept the other three factors at a constant, my results would show the effect of both light intensity and carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis in pondweed. It is for this reason that light intensity will have to be the only factor I vary. I know that the natural amounts of carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll, and heat are of a sufficient quantity, since pondweed survives in the wild. For this reason I shall not alter the amount of heat subjected to the pondweed. Ideally, I would sustain a constant temperature but due to limited equipment , this is not possible. In addition, I shall not alter the amount of chlorophyll present in the pondweed, or its size and surface area. I shall maintain this by simply using the same piece of pondweed for each set of results. This may however cause the pondweed to slightly loose its efficiency at photosynthesis. Though this inaccuracy would be lesser than that caused by using different pieces of pondweed for each set of results, since it would be almost impossible to obtain several pieces of pondweed that were identically sized, had the same surface area, and contained an equal amount of chlorophyll. Ideally I would prefer sustain the pondweeds natural supply of water and carbon dioxide, but by removing the pondweed from the pond and placing it in a test tube, I have already altered the amount of water and carbon dioxide that the pondweed has to use. To compensate for this I shall add Sodium Bicarbonate to the conical flask full of pond water I will provide. Since both water and car bon dioxide are used in photosynthesis, the water will need to be replaced for each set of readings ensuring there will be equal amounts of water and carbon dioxide each time. The water will be replaced with the same volume of water, which comes from the same source, containing the same amount of sodium bicarbonate.I will record the location on the scale, of the beginning of the ink bubble every 30 seconds for 5 minutes. Then using the formula v=?r2l (where v is volume, r is radius and l is length), I will be able to work out the volume of gas released from the pondweed every 30 seconds over the 5 minutes. I will repeat this at least three times, replacing the water each time, and moving the lamp 25cm away from its previous position, when its first position is at 0cm.Since plants respire, the waste products of carbon dioxide and water will also be released:C6H12O6+6O2?6CO2+6H2O+EnergyGlucoseOxygenCarbon DioxideWaterTherefore, I shall carry out a control experiment where the light in tensity is nil (the lamp will be turned off and the test tube wrapped in black paper, stopping any light from getting to the pondweed). This will cause any photosynthesis to cease and provide a set of results I can use for comparison with my other results. With these results I will then be able to work out the volume of gas released during respiration alone, enabling me to work out the approximate volume of gas released during photosynthesis with the varied intensities of light.PredictionI predict that the rate of photosynthesis will increase as the light intensity increases. Since the supply of the other four factors necessary for photosynthesis is limited, if the light intensity increases too much the rate of photosynthesis will stop increasing. In addition, because the pondweed is in a sealed container, if the speed of photosynthesis exceeds the speed of respiration, the supply of carbon dioxide and water will not be renewed in tin, and so the rate of photosynthesis will eventual ly slow down to the rate of respiration. In the long term, this will stop the pondweed photosynthesising enough and will eventually cause it to die. Also, since there will only be the minerals that were present in the water in the test tube, the pondweeds supply of sulphates, phosphates, and nitrates will soon run out. These minerals are not strictly necessary for photosynthesis, but the pondweed cannot survive without them, and if the pondweed is dead, it cannot photosynthesise.When the light intensity is nil, I predict a small amount of gas will be released as a result of respiration.A Predicted graph to show how Light Intensity affects Photosynthesis in PondweedA Predicted graph to show how no light affects Photosynthesis in PondweedTrial Experiment15cmTimeReading onscale (cm)(to 1dp)Volume (ml) of Gasreleased during past30 seconds (to 0dp)0:009.70:309.4-51:009.2-31:309.0-32:008.9-22:308.903:009.023:309.234:009.544:309.855:0010.155:3010.346:0010.65Average volume (ml) of gas relea sed every 30 seconds (0dp)1My trial experiment revealed several problems with my experiment:Firstly, for the first two minutes, the volume of the matter contained in the apparatus decreased, as if gas was being used up rather than produced. This was actually because I had placed the lamp next to the test tube while I had set the equipment up, and then had moved it away to a distance of approximately 15cm. The light was considerably hot and had heated up the test tube and its contents. Therefore, when I moved the lamp away from the test tube, the contents of the equipment compressed as they cooled down, causing the ink bubble to register a decrease of volume. To compensate for this I will leave five minutes before taking any readings, leaving enough time for the contents of the equipment (i.e. the water, pondweed, and the air) to expand or decrease, to the present temperature.Secondly, my equipment proved to include several flaws:* The normal delivery tube proved to be too wide to su stain the ink bubble, so I replaced it with a 1mm wide equivalent.* Equipment was limited, and there was not a bent 1mm wide delivery tube, so I replaced the bent delivery tube with two straight delivery tubes and a rubber pipe.* I found it very hard to position the bubble. In the end, I found a syringe to be useful for the initial positioning.* The seal between the delivery tube and the rubber pipe was not totally air tight, so I added some Vaseline to maximise the seal.Now Vaseline has been added to the seals between the delivery tubes and the rubber pipe, the pipe could easily be moved up and down the tube, which moved the ink bubble up and down the scale, making it much easier to position the ink bubble.This is my new equipment set-up:a. Lampb. Clamp standc. Meter ruler (cm)d. Bung with a hole in ite. Water containing Sodium Bicarbonatef. Scaled capillary tubeg. Delivery tube (short)h. Rubber pipei. Test tubej. Black paper and some sticky tapek. Scale (mm)l. Elodea (Canadian Pon dweed)m. Ink bubblen. Syringeo. Vaselinep. StopwatchAnalysis0cm25cm50cmControl (no light)TimeReading on scale(cm) (to 1dp)Volume (ml) of Gasreleased during past30 seconds (to 0dp)Reading on scale(cm) (to 1dp)Volume (ml) of Gasreleased during past30 seconds (to 0dp)Reading on scale(cm) (to 1dp)Volume (ml) of Gasreleased during past30 seconds (to 0dp)Reading on scale(cm) (to 1dp)Volume (ml) of Gasreleased during past30 seconds (to 0dp)5:007.64.43.71.35:307.834.403.701.306:008.154.523.701.306:308.454.623.701.307:008.634.723.821.307:308.834.823.801.308:009.035.033.801.308:309.355.123.921.309:009.534.8-54.021.309:309.854.924.001.3010:0010.035.134.121.30Average volumeof gas releasedevery 30 seconds (excluding any anomalous results).4210My results show, when the lamp was placed 0cm from the pondweed, the pondweed produced approximately 4mmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of gas every 30 seconds. When the lamp was placed 25cm from the pondweed, the pondweed produced approximately 2ml of gas every 30 seconds. W hen the lamp was placed 50cm from the pondweed, the pondweed produced approximately 1ml every 30 seconds. When the lamp was switched off and the test tube covered in black paper, the pondweed produced approximately 0ml every 30 seconds.This proves that light intensity does affect photosynthesis in pondweed, and that as I predicted, as the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases. In fact, the word photosynthesis suggests this: Photo means light, and synthesis refers to the assembly of organic compounds. Though light does affect the rate of photosynthesis, the overall process takes place in two stages, and only the first is light dependant. The second can take place with, or with out light. In the first stage, the light dependant reactions, water is split into hydrogen and oxygen, and ATP is produced. This is where the oxygen is released as a waste gas. The ATP is used in the synthesis of carbohydrates in the second stage, the light independent reactions.Though contrary to my prediction, I recorded no gas to have been produced when the pondweed is subjected to no light at all. This could be a result of one of three possibilities:1. No gas was produced by respiration.2. An insubstantial amount of gas was produced by respiration and so it did not show up on my scale.3. The equipment I used was faulty, and so the gas was escaping.Since my experiment only lasted for 10 minutes, the other factors necessary for photosynthesis did not limit the rate of photosynthesis in the pondweed.Graphs to show how Light intensity affects Photosynthesis in pondweed.Graph to show how Light Intensity affects Photosynthesis in PondweedEvaluationMy experiment did prove that as light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases, though it is not completely reliable. My data contained at least one anomalous result: on the ninth minute when the lamp was placed 25cm away from the pondweed, I recorded that the volume of the matter inside the equipment dec reased by 5ml. Unreliable anomalous data such as this could have been recorded due to errors in several main areas:* The equipment I used may have been faulty and/or inaccurate:* It is unlikely that the seals around the delivery tubes were totally air tight, and so it is probable that some gas leaked causing the apparatus to record a lesser increase in volume.* As previously stated the lamp gave of a considerable amount of heat, and so when the lamp is close enough to the test tube, it caused the temperature inside to rise. The atoms in the water gain energy making them spread out, increasing their volume. Temperature is one of the four factors I stated I had to keep at a constant, but by using this lamp, and not controlling the rise in temperature, I failed to do so. This means that my results, to a certain extent, show both the effect of Light intensity and temperature on photosynthesis in pondweed.* As well as not controlling the temperature, I could not totally control the inten sity of light, since I was unable to carry out the experiment in a totally dark room, or a room with a sustained level of light.* The scale I used may not have been precise enough.* The equipment I used may have been contaminated:* It is probable that the equipment, in particular the water contained in the test tube, was contaminated with other organisms that would have released gas during respiration.* It is possible the equipment contained undesired substances which also could have affected photosynthesis in the pondweed.* I used the same piece of pondweed for every set of results, meaning the pondweeds ability to photosynthesis may have improved or deteriorated as time went on.* Human error may have lead to inaccuracies in recording data, either by reading the scale wrong or bad time keeping.To account for these possible mistakes I should really repeat the experiment a many times and work out an overall average. This would ensure the data is reliable and not a fluke.In addition, I could use the following equipment to decrease the chance of any fault in my equipment:a. Fluorescent Lampb. Clamp standc. Meter ruler (cm)d. Bung with a hole in ite. Water containing Sodium Bicarbonatef. Scaled capillary tubeg. 3 way taph. Test tubei. Elodea (Canadian Pondweed)j. Ink bubblek. Syringel. StopwatchIdeally, the experiment would be carried out in the dark, with no light pollution at all so that I would have total control of the light intensity. The temperature of the lab would be controlled and constant so that my results would not show how temperature as well as light intensity affects photosynthesis in pondweed. In addition, a fluorescent lamp would be used. This is for two reasons, firstly, fluorescent lamps are incredibly more efficient than normal lumen incandescent lamps, meaning they give off less heat. This also would ensure that my investigation only records the effect of light intensity on pondweed and not temperature.Secondly, the light emitted from lumen in candescent lamps is not white light, it is made up of mostly red light, with some green light, and even less blue light. Since the objective of this investigation is to show how light intensity and not colour affects photosynthesis in pondweed, and plant life has evolved over millions of years to photosynthesise using sunlight, a lamp that emits light of daylight quality would be much more adequate. Also, a three way tap combined with a syringe would enable me to reset the ink bubble to 0 for each set of readings, along with the 1mm delivery tube with scale, this would decrease the chance of human error when reading the scale.Dave Burton 10FDAn Investigation to find out how Light Intensity affects Photosynthesis in Pondweed.

BMW Luxury Cars

BMW Luxury Cars The core customer value for BMW luxury cars are prestige and hi-tech performance in their endeavors. Having full understanding of the specific needs of their target group, BMW has largely considered the psychographic factors of its customers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on BMW Luxury Cars specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As it has been revealed, BMW targets active individuals who have achieved success at their early age, desiring prestigious and super-performing luxury cars like themselves. Notably, the customers of BMW are technology oriented and very active in their life-time, as they pursue success in their ventures. In this regard, the brand seeks to establish strong relationship with its customers by providing them with the driving experience they desire in their life-time. As it has been revealed, the luxury cars having the BMW brand name are in three series including MBW 3, MBW 5 and MBW 7. These three series of the MBW brand are the ultimate core aspects for maintenance of customer loyalty to the BMW luxury cars. More specifically, the MBW 3 series provides its users with extra-ordinary performance as it is made to facilitate self actualization among the customer target base. Precisely, BMW 3 series seeks to establish trust and loyalty with its customers by offering splendid personalized experiences with the product. After the users of BMW 3 advance into more experience with BMW luxury cars, they move further to acquire BMW 5, which is more expensive, but maintaining the outstanding performance of BMW luxury cars . On the other hand, BMW 7 series is meant for the already established customer base for BMW luxury cars as it propels higher the user-oriented experience with the BMW products through its advanced features to facilitate prestige and higher performance than 3 series. It is important to note that, 7 series is much more expensive that 3 series since it is mainly meant for compan y’s loyal customers who have had prior experience with the former series. Following the currently competitive global markets, the development of products to achieve competitive advantage forms a real of success among brands marketers. Since the customers’ needs of BMW products are based outstanding performance, more innovations of the existing products need to be done to come up with more superior luxury cars capable of competing with potential competitors like Mercedes Benz among others. More so, powerful advertisements based on psychographic factors of the customers’ needs to be made. For instance, creation of short films showing the uniqueness of BMW products on the context of other competitors may be quite appealing. Since visual advertisements are more accurate and highly effective, the films will be able to attract target customers’ attention largely. As a result, success and efficiency in marketing BMW products will be realized.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Further, a variety of channels in marketing the BMW luxury cars would be more appropriate to reach wider customers base. Since the target customers for BMW are always busy and very active, the use of precise and direct advertisements over the internet would be quite effective so that the customers don’t waste time interpreting information of the advertisement. It can also be recommended that, the product promotion uses the internet to collect information about the needs of their customers with respect to the specific aspects of the luxury cars which need to be improved. By having enough data about the accurate needs of the target customers, it would be easier for the company to modify the cars to intersect with the specific needs of the customers.

The ethic of equal opportunity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The ethic of equal opportunity - Essay Example The concessions came into vogue in the 1960s and 1970s. Preferential treatment programs to the above categories of the American population is not a concession, they are entitled for it. It is a petty societal gesture for the centuries of subjugation, physical violence and mental torture, destruction of the native culture and all sorts of negativities practiced against them especially on the African Americans. Other racial minorities and women also have been at the receiving end. Thus the initiatives of some firms and institutions to recruit a fixed number of minority and women candidates was a welcome relief and that enabled them to change and improve their lifestyles and provide better education to children. The above arrangements have decidedly worked to the advantage of minorities and women. At the middle class level perceptible changes are seen but several inequalities continue to plague the American corporate world. About 97% of corporate senior executives are white. When the to p decision makers are white it is futile to expect of them not to work and frame policies that are beneficial to the white community. Reservation is one of the options to remove inequalities but it is certainly not the panacea to remove all inequalities. Criticism springs forth from two quarters. From whites and a section of the blacks which has resulted in friction amongst the working class. The grievance of the whites is that the policy affects their employment opportunities. The black scholars oppose it and claim that the programs victimize and stigmatize the minorities and this has led to friction amongst the blacks and whites on the one hand and also amongst the different groups of blacks. Reservations may not be a perfect and rational remedy, but the wise saying goes that desperate situations need desperate remedies. The gross injustice done to the African Americans for over three centuries was the desperate situation in their history. They were totally helpless from all ends and the white community enjoyed at their cost. The mansions they built were through the sweat and blood of the slave labor. The atrocities committed by the whites can be forgiven but the historical facts can never be forgotten. So, quotas and reservations are the just alternatives to overcome the racial and sex barriers in the American society. As such, preferential treatment programs are morally justified. If there is one post and there are two applicants for the same, when one of them is selected, the other one is bound to feel discriminated. This is the natural human reaction. But preferential treatment programs have a broader perspective as they are based on the grounds of distributive justice. Society is like the scale of justice and both arms of the scale are equally important. Turn the pages of American history, one arm of the scale had to bear the heavy burden for centuries. As a result of past discrimination, minorities and women were denied the share of opportunities that were due to them. Though discrimination has now ended from the legal perspective, subtle discriminatory policies and practices continue to pervade business organizations and educational establishments. As such, preferential treatment programs seek to lessen inequalities and justice demands this should happen. â€Å"The first premise put forth by Wasserstrom was that race is still a significant factor in our

Anti-colonial Nationalism in British India Essay

Anti-colonial Nationalism in British India - Essay Example Gandhi became famous in the world for fighting for independence in India from the British colonialists in the early 20th century. The emergence of the communal consciousness between the Muslims and the Hindus was as a result of the British colonial rule, particularly the colonial legislation and administrative division of Indians into religious classes. During the colonial period, communalism and separatism were restricted only to certain regions and groups. Politics of the Indian National Congress, anti colonial nationalists’ parties, the Muslim League and the British legislation brought about the thought that the interests of the Muslim community were different from those of the Hindu community in India (Khan 234). The anti colonial struggle in India took place in three different stages, which is the proto-nationalism stage as the first stage, the rise of new leadership as the second stage and finally mass movement as the third stage. Proto-nationalism is the earliest period of anti-colonial struggle in British India. The local people did not have any knowledge about their rights and their independence during this era. The local people accepted the colonial rule of the British during this period. However, political movements and social groups demanded reforms within the British colonial rule system. When the National Congress of India was established in 1885, it was not anti British colonial rule because it believed that the British colonialists had some sense of justice and fair play in their ruling (Guha 102). The rise of new leadership in India was regarded as the second stage of anti colonial struggle. New patriotic and dedicated leaders in India took control of the movements. During this stage, leaders such as Gokhale, Mahatma Gandhi, Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Patel and Maulana Azad emerged (Guha 78). The third and final stage of anti colonial struggle in British India was mass movements. These national movements dominated in India in that the British colonialists were forced to use brutal force in order to maintain their power. The movements took their information to the locals in remote areas of India under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. This final stage started with civil disobedience movements whose main aim was to sensitive the locals to disobey some of the rules of the British colonialists that were unjust. The British colonialists in turn arrested the leaders of the movements sending them to jail (Guha 34). With the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, peaceful non-violent struggles were adopted as a method of anti colonial struggle. National Congress of India was established in 1885 as a platform for the educated Indians to express their aspirations and was generally received by the British. The Congress later became anti British. Among the leaders of the Congress included Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Surendra Nath Banerjee who sought for reforms that would allow some Indians to participate in the Legislativ e Councils but after approximately two decades, it became anti British. The main objective of the Congress was the defeat of the British raj. In India, the freedom movement was split into two factions, that is, a less militant faction and a more militant faction. The less militant faction was represented by Gokhale and later by Mahatma Gandhi whose main