Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 39

Reading response - Essay ExampleBridal understands that respect is invaluable and soul who wants to succeed must accept the consequences of disrespect. She tells Fragrance, A tutor for a day is a father for a lifetime (Mair 226). This shows how much she believes and respects Chen.It is not always wrong to question authority or do things differently. Bridal presents to Chen a set of stationery that Chen had never seen and a portrait with sagging eyes (Mair 225). When Chen dismisses them, Bridal accepts it and uses what Chen approves. As a result of following her tutors instructions, she become so secure at writing that Chen admitted that he had never seen such good writing. I personally believe that taking corrections positively is one way of progressing in life. This setting thus corresponds with my belief.The schoolroom scene is very entertaining. There is adequate use of stylistic devices such as rhyme that give it a poetic feel (Mair 223). In addition, it emphasizes the need f or mutual a working relationship between people in authority and those under them, based on trust and

Sports Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sports Management - Essay ExampleThe growth of sports as an pains is well recognized today and a large number of business schools are offering narrow instructions in the subject. The vistas in sports management are also ever increasing ranging from management of facilities to sponsorships, media and moment management. Sports management thus is a great career for today as well as tomorrow, which result prove to be an empowering and enabling experience for personal and maestro growth.Sports management has evolved with the evolution of civilization. It is common fellowship that the first nonionic competitive sports were the Olympic Games in Greece in ancient times. English premier confederacy football clubs as Manchester United founded in the late 19th Century have progressed as dissolute institutions successfully by combining business acumen with sporting jumplence over the years denoting the benefits of professional management in the field of sports. (http//www.manutd.com/su pportersunited). Evolution of towns and cities is said to be the main factor influencing growth of organized sports industry the World over. (www.louisville.edu). Cities enabled rationalization and organization of sports as also developing specializations within. The career opportunities too came roughly with even relatively small cities as Louisville centrally located between larger cities as Indianapolis, Cincinnati, capital of Tennessee and St Louis abounding in opportunities for sports management. Over the years, it is America which has led the way with recreational athletic pastimes contributing to schooling of sports as an industry. (www.louisville.edu). Professional governance of sports has also seen emergence of specialized business management courses in unhomogeneous American universities. Stanford, Wharton and Harvard and the alumni of these establishments join prestigious sports organizations as the National Football League (NFL). (Jeffrey 2006)It is a common fallacy that mere expertise or interest in sports depart enable charting a career in sports management. (Matt 2006). Apart from the general areas of management, sports requires training in a number of diverse fields to accept sports promotion, tag sales management, public relations and media management, management of sports facilities, agency of professional athletes, directing sports institutes and also management of sports giving medication bodies. These skills have to supplement the traditional training identified with sports management that of managing events. (careers.cua.edu). Thus specialized coursed have been knowing to provide a great career in the arena of sports management. (Alsop 2005).While experience in sports will help, it is hard work and drive along with organization, management and people relationship which will provide the skills to excel in this field as per Jesse Krebs president and CEO of Minneapolis- found The Wrestling Mall, an online retailer of wrestling mer chandise and equipment. Becky Heidesch, a veteran in the sports industry expressed similar views and highlighted the need for basic knowledge of business to include sales, marketing, sponsorship, licensing and so on for success in the long run. (Matt 2006).The spread of the sports industry is not only based in just a niche geographical area but is spread

Assigment 1 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Assigment 1 - Research Paper ExampleIn such a way, it is the take to of this author that through a careful explanation of what the original ground for how Congress was to operate, the reader rotter come to an informed understanding with notice to whether or not the on-going exhibition of duties and governance, as reflected by the current Congress, continues to affects the ideal and definition that the founding fathers originally specified. Naturally, the broader question that this seeks to answer is whether or not the current Congress is abiding by the rules and principles that it was intended to operate within even more broadly, a reciprocation and digest of whether or not this is taking place has a profound aim of tangential understanding with relation to whether or not democracy within the American system of governance continues to be relevant or has like so many other forms of governance become demoralize over magazine. glossiness of Analysis -Discussion of Terms and An alysis of Key Issues and Measurements to be Applied However, before delving directly into a whole of analysis with regards to whether or not the current Congress continues to abide by the norms and precepts that the founding fathers put forward, it is necessity to define the rubric and key terms, as well as measurements, that this particular analysis will strike as a means of answering the question at hand. The first means whereby the potential differential coefficient between the Congress that the founding fathers defined and the Congress of today will be with respect to the historic growth and/or constriction of duties that the Congress was responsible for effecting. Secondly, although it may be tempting, the Congress itself is not a singular entity and must be analyzed via an approach that takes into account both strange and distinct roles and responsibilities of the Senate and the unique roles and responsibilities of the House of Representatives (Zharan 2). Within such a way , the analysis will also seek to determine whether or not a blurring of the lines between these two entities has occurred as a result of the similar nature of the occupancy and governance styles that they must engage. Lastly, the analysis will seek to engage the reader with an understanding and interpretation of whether or not deviation from any of these roles and responsibilities that might be noted as a result of the analysis has effectively created a situation by which governance has been reduced or rendered ineffective. It is the final determinant, as calculated on aggregate with the other two determinants that will yield the greatest level of inference with respect to whether or not the governmental structure, as it exists today, has so far deviated from the beliefs and precepts of the founding fathers that it is in fact no longer capable of achieving the goals for which it was intended or whether it continues to function, how be it by different manners, much to the same leve l and degree that it functions over 200 years ago. Congressional Analysis It does not take much time at all to realize that one of the key claims that individuals oftentimes reference with regards to the diminished role and corrupted bowing use that Congress exhibits is with respect to the means by which the executive branch has effectively slashed the Congress since the declaration of war for the Second World War

Pollution Prevention Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pollution Prevention - Case count ExampleIn thisassignmentwe will look for thestakeholderof the chemical plants,we willidentifythepartthey mulct in making anycompanya mastery, we will to a fault look at how a company smokefunction much(prenominal) that it meets the needs of its stakeholder and at the same time maintain a quality standard.We will also look at the factors that affect the quality of the product that the company produces and how it can be further improved upon.Since, the only thing that isconstantis change,thereforehow to bring about a constant change that will keep thestakeholderhappyand will alsobenefitthe accounts of the company (Chanlett, 1973). Stakeholders of any organization atomic number 18 those who, willbasic wholeybenefit orwill be harmedby the activities thatare carriedout by the firm.For any organizationthere arebroadlytwo types ofstakeholder, internalstakeholderand outdoor(a)stakeholder. ... They care about the profitsbutthey are far more concerned a bout the success of any project they have initiated. Even those whoapprovethe launch of the new product are allstakeholderof a project. The dress hat possible way to meet the requirements and expectations ofstakeholderis to produce results. The only things that thestakeholderwants are the results, the end product. The best way toproducethe results is to have a business strategy designed in such a way that the end resultsare met, and the mostappropriatewayis todesignthestrategyin such a way that the goals are realistic, measurable and achievable, this will produce it easy for the company to make thestakeholderhappy. It is notnecessaryfor the strategy to be ahugeonebutit should be aneffectiveone. It is authorizedthat the roles and responsibilities arepre assignedandtherelationshipof the people involvedis clearly mentionedand defined so that the work hightail it canprogresseffectively and smoothly.Clear job descriptions should also be provided so that each and any person is aware o f actually what theyare supposedto do and what extent their contributionis required.There should also be an established performanceevaluationsystem for the people involved in the implementation of the constitutionto make sure of its effectiveness.Also, there should be apropermechanismwhich will work to make sure that thepolicyis being implementedproperly and as per the laid put down rules (Chanlett, 1973). There should beconstantchecks on thepolicythathas been implemented.The environmental policy should be such that the objectives and the targets thathave been laiddown

Path to Spitual Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Path to Spitual Development - Essay Examplepoet William Wordsworth, whose love of reputation knew no bounds, Emerson too, not only appreciated the beauty of nature but also calls upon his audience to exist the impact it has in our lives.According to him, the true lover of nature is one whose inward and outward senses are in harmony with each other and has retained his infancy while traveling through to manhood. He feels that if a person is one with nature, all egotism vanishes and he feels a part of God experiencing sanctity and perpetual youth. But the power to indulge or take delight in it does not peace of mind with nature but within man or the harmony of both.Henry David Thoreau (1817 1862) was the protg of Ralph Waldo Emerson, under whose guardianship began his writing career. His works on what constitutes true human and natural value has greatly influenced the later generations of writers and thinkers. Thoreau took a sabbatical from civilization to spend quality time in i solation so that he could think, present and write at his own pace. This particular aspect of Thoreaus fundamental ideal of living his purport deliberately savoring every aspect slowly, had a great impact on Americans in the 21st century, who try to rush through things and achieve much more within the shortest bilk of time.Thoreau makes an eye opening statement when he tells us that our lives are frittered away by detail and he calls upon us to lead a life of simplicity and not complication. He compares our life to a German Confederacy and the nation with its so called improvements which are superficial and reduced to an overgrown establishment. He says that man craves for naturalism whether in life or death, so it is better to lead simple lives, closer to nature so that we would be more close to reality.So both writers, Emerson as well as Thoreau through their publications have given us a beacon of light to lead us through the internal ear around us giving us forethought and insight into what is good for us and what would

The Possible Power of Electronic Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Possible tycoon of Electronic Media - Essay ExampleSo in order to clear a revolution onto the island a new leadership would be evolving. The old regime policies would be abandoned and new and clearly want strategies would be implemented in order to recover from the old losses. The strategies would not only benefit the theme government but also the individuals living in the island of Angic. The new government is going to take initiatives which atomic number 18 in line with the individuals vested interests. Different forms of media help is being pursued by the current government so as to implement their strategies and gain support amongst the people. Media is said to have a strong impact on the individuals living in this world. It not only tells the individuals where they are heading to but also urges them to take a certain step if required. Thus different types of electronic media is being sought by the government so as to implement such programs which are in line with the go vernments policy. The government has used radio to aware(p) people of the new friendly strategies which they are ab step forward to implement with their new policies. The individual benefits are pointed out in such a strategy and points laid out in which they tell people or so how they are going to prosper. They reveal the corruptions and wrong doings of the past government which has put the state in an unstable condition. Thus they tell the individuals through radio that a new government is to come to bring a revolution on the island so that the island go off survive the unfriendly conditions. The facts and figures of the previous government are provided to the public so as to make them aware of the present conditions prevailing in the state. The state of Angic has departed into a total chaos after the previous governments harsh and unfriendly strategies. The strategies have not proven to be successful and have turned out to be a failure. The role of radio can be put to be very important as it tells

Concept on synthesis on personal nursing philosopy Essay

Concept on synthesis on personal nursing philosopy - Essay exemplification plans are aimed at increasing the responsibility of practitioners in the world as well enable medical exam examination institutions set instructional requirements in the organizational setting. In general, the concepts exhaust all the factors that may affect the region of nursing. This is made possible by four way categorical division of tell aparts that affect the field. Each concept is divided into sections that hide the problems that may affect the metaparadigm. The four concepts are (Keating, 2011)Keating (2011) is of the assumption that the concepts cover the nursing field extensively in terms of providing recommendations to cheat basic nursing problems. Moreover, the issue in nursing cannot be prevented without putting them in functional categories of problem solving. For instance, it may be a hectic task to tackle the issue affects the concept of environment under the same comestible in the con cept of health.This metaparadigm focuses on the challenges and issue that affect the patients in regards to service delivery. Across the field, service delivery to customer is created by the ability of a practitioner to stuff the requirements by the patient population. However, the concept seeks to understand the appropriateness of client demands. In an tilt by Keith (2008) the human nature in nursing is considered under physiology, psychology, cultural, spiritual and genial perceptions. The five provisions ensure service delivery is obtained without the creation of conflict with patients social affiliations. For instance, it is an obvious assumption that different social and cultural affiliations have specific social preferences. Considering the cultural depth in the modern society, a medical practitioner should be able to deal with the challenges presented by these social preferences. For example, a patient may embrace the assumption that euthanasia is against their religious v iews and beliefs. A nurse should be able to understand these personal requirements and address

Evaluation of Cheryl Beck's Postpartum Depression Theory using 2 Essay

Evaluation of Cheryl Becks postpartum mental picture Theory utilize 2 methods - Essay ExampleIt is full of evolving and receding paradigms. The new millennium has brought us forward into a new era of Nursing the Socialization of era of Nursing Science. Thus the 21st century cut monumental changes taking place in Nursing.In lieu of this, an extensive and comprehensive research on The postpartum Theory of Depression was carried forth by Cheryl Beck (1993) (Beck, Reynolds and Rutowski) and they built a background with strong analytic thinking to support it. They soon had a conjecture on Postpartum Depression. They followed a specific theory climb up which was use to formulate this theory.The sole aim and purpose of this theory was to provide enlightenment and insight into Postpartum Depression. The various stages or concepts of Becks theory (1993) was defined in different ways, such as This theory was implemented in the nursing sector and was used to alert nurses on the incidenc e, recurring and impact of Postpartum Depression. Beck stressed the importance for the need to identify new mothers and render assistance to those suffering from Postpartum Depression through various support groups (Beck, et al., )Though Becks theory is relatively new, still it has been implemented and used in a number of Nursing Studies. The concept of Postpartum Depression (Beck, 1995, 1998) was further examined by carrying out a meta- analysis to test and document its efficacy. The information gathered from the Meta analysis (Beck and Gable 2000) served as a basis which led to the development of the Postpartum Screening Scale to enhance detection of this particular disorder. This animal was then used by nurses in their studies.Clemmens, Driscol and Beck, 2004 took a survey after using this tool on 150 mothers and reported data which determined that the tool was effective in identifying and diagnosing those mothers with Postpartum Depression. pram and Avant in their book on growt h and evolution on the philosophy of nursing theory turn in us a

Activity Based Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Activity Based Costing - rise ExampleCurrently at Stream International, there is no defined way of recruiting and appointing wad. Personnel guidance and conductance of HR activities at Stream International do non follow a charted procedure. As given in the case data, 34 different people conduct HR activities. Due to this, some of the activities want payroll, training etc. get duplicated.For Stream International, costs of human resources hiring, training, development and even allocation of resources is get duplicated. Jobs are getting redundant because too many people are hiring individuals without any consideration of item requirements categorized by departmental needs, roles and skills demanded. Controlling and supervision is also getting haywire because employees are not under single leadership. Also, due to excessive hiring by a number of HR people, roles have catch ambiguous. Thus, people have outnumbered actual job duties.If number of recruiters at Stream International is large and undefined, recruitment will not be efficient because views and opinions will bound to clash and appropriate candidate would be difficult to find who can fulfill wishes of all. As such, first of all, there has to be made a central recruitment team or division which carefully analyzes manpower requirements of divisions, skills demanded and then hires accordingly. Re-engineering the recruitment plow has to be undertaken.While doing so, departmental (Leitner 20043) dependencies have to be taken into account. For example, if an employee can undertake twain activities of two different divisions, there is no need to hire two separate individuals for both the activities. By identifying people requirements based on departments, salaries, bonuses, incentives, training and development and other expenses can be easily apportioned to the respective(prenominal) business so that costs and

Select ONE theme presented on the module. Explain why you think this Essay

Select ONE theme presented on the module. Explain why you think this theme is important in organisational livelihood using examples fr - audition ExampleTherefore, experts argue that although work has various beneficial attributes, it may have negative influences on the men and overall productivity of the arranging. Both the adverse and negative impacts of work are closely associated with the secluded vivification sentence of workers. While work demeanor may influence privy animation, the contrary is true, as well. Private life experiences can also affect work in either adverse or positive manner. The parole will investigate the benefits of balancing between private and work life in the profitability of the organization and workers satisfaction and comfort. Discussion It is most rational to imagine that various employees strive towards attaining happiness, better health and fecund private and work lives. To increases, the probability of attaining satisfaction, privates a nd work live must be stabilized, (Lewis, Brannen and Nilsen, 2009, p. 48). Work and private life balance is a subset of private life and work life equilibrium and suggests that employees are at ease in both aspects of life. Private and work life interface is mainly explained as a merry-go-round of social tasks, which are linked to these crucial life aspects. It is rather obvious that attaining equilibrium amid these diverse life aspects reflects a progressive and complex effort. The outcome of these efforts is a vibrant stability that entails managing contests, stress or constraints in spite of appearance the work and private life context, (Schulz, 2010, p. 50). A different perspective of looking at the situation is to consider the stability between the two aspects as a result of managing private life-work challenges. Work-life stability implies sustaining effective and legal workstation that allows workforce to strike a balance between employments responsibilities and private tasks, and thus reinforce worker trueness and productivity, (Lomas, 2005, p. 63). Sociological studies reveal that two in eight workers experience increased levels of struggle between private and work life oriented on private life-to-work interruption and parental constraint. If task burden is added, thence more than 62% of workers interviewed suffer private life and work struggles. Of all the employment aspects that affect family-work challenge, the exit of hours spend in the office is the extensive and most persistent aspect, (Drobnic? and Guille?n, 2011, p 45). The increased levels of work to life challenges reported by administrators and executives often are a production of their prolonged stay in the offices. special factors include security of job, managers or supervisors support, ambiguity or complexity of work role, work dissatisfaction and enormous recitation of communication techniques, which shapes the precincts between private life and work. In the modern world, toda y, employees have various conflicting roles bid work, kids, household chores volunteering activities, aged and kin parent attention and mounts stress on people, societies and families where people live. Similarly, these private life obligations and commitments mount stress on the overall commitment to work responsibilities and production of an organization, (Grossman and Chester, 1990, p. 82). In other words, work-family challenge is an adverse limitation that affects employees, their supervisors or managers,

Impact of Major Ideologies on World Systems Essay

Impact of Major Ideologies on World Systems - Essay Example organized political theory integrates all cognitive processes whether logical or illogical, true or false that defines the character of populace explained in theories, assumptions and intuitions. Through these analyses systematic ideology tries to explain why people act the way they do whether subconscious or deliberate.There ar a few Major ideologies that have been identified and depict by Walford George. They have the greatest impact on world Systems. A World System is a friendly organization with restrictions, structures, members, legislation and understanding. A world system is also broadly defined as a world economy. There are several world system types that have evolved due to peoples beliefs in the ideologies. Some of the distinct systems are Anarchism, Socialism, Liberalism, Marxism, Feminism, Capitalism, and Fascism among others. The following is a look at the major ideologies and their impact on world systems. Most of the arguments placed before these ideologies are open to criticism and are not final verdict on the course of world systems. However these are analysis of very respected social analysts like Wallerstein.This ideology explains why different people all tend to choose to do tasks that await to be easier in carrying out and is readily available. Expedient idea is concerned with what happens immediately rather than analyzing medieval experiences to predict the future (Blake1991). Power is believed to belong to the people and thusly most people take steps out of expediency. This ideology is therefore not systematic. Dominion IdeologyDescribes why people would develop principles, commitments, devotions, and discipline. The suasion of people here is based on two options either False or true, good or bad, sacred or secular and subject or ruler among other options (Blake1991). The impact of such ideology on world systems is that there results in loyalty leadership in politics as well(p) as what is described as conservative.Precision IdeologyThis ideology is described on the basis of Knowledge, star and accountancy. Character is determined by knowledge and belief in ethics, traditional values and compliance. Such ideology allows rational addressing of issues such as humanism, Skepticism, suffering and free thinking as their most important concerns. In terms of political administration, precision ideology tends to be inclined towards the liberal (broadminded) leadership and the inexperienced Bureaucracy. repossess IdeologyThis ideology is defined by the need for a slow but sure philosophic change this discusses evolutionary discipline and gradual communism, free thinking under such thought leads to reading of leaderships that embrace socialism and communism (Blake1991). In terms or religious belief people may tend to be atheistic, mystical, inspirational or cryptic religious practices. This inspires the world to have internal interrelations hence encour aging corporation.Revolution IdeologyThis ideology brings about socio-economic affair by presuming economic and social classes. This conflict goat only be resolved by revolution (rebellion) and violence should the need to arise. These values are established aggressively against conservative ones dominating over them and hence ruling them. Such ideology can lead to leadership that is more class oriented as in Marxism where economic

The Warren Court Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The warren tap - Term Paper exemplarBut he was not what citizenry assumed him to be. He changed a lot of things in his court. The remedial power of law was one of the things Earl Warren really believed in and he enforced this idea set ahead as well. The center of attention of court was transferred to personal responsibilitys from property rights and great importance was presumptuousness to good values as well as legal issues. The Warren court worked really hard for the elegant rights of people. It strongly supported the Bill of Rights as well. The decisions made by the Warren Court brought about some(prenominal) vital changes in the society all over. The decisions chiefly covered the issues like one-man, one vote integration and the decisions made in the execrable courts. The Warren Court was considered to be too lenient towards the accused and was hindering the work of the police by doing this. The law enforcement agencies keep been among the more influential groups e ngaged in criticizing the Warren Court (Lytle 1968). Before the Warren Court there were not very clear and strong rights given to the accused for his or her defense. They were also hesitant to give the accused constitutional rights. The right of the suspect to beat a lawyer who is granted to him or her by the government was introduced in the Warren Court. The decisions which were made in the Warren Courts regarding various issues were undisputed while differents were made through split court. The Warren Court mainly focused upon the constitutional regulation of criminal procedure instead of substantive criminal law. Some of the people argue that the efforts made by the chief justice Earl Warren to bring improvements to the criminal justice establishment are ambiguous and not certain. Chief justice Earl Warren brought about some primary changes in the criminal justice system. During its last eight years the Warren Court revolutionized criminal procedures, taking the reach in the development of American law in the twentieth century (Belknap & Warren 2004). It is also considered by some to have brought about a criminal law revolution but on the other hand some think that it is barely and evolution in regard to the civil rights of the defendant. However, there is no doubt that the changes in criminal law system made in Warren Court have changed the way the criminal administration worked in United States permanently. In the Bill of Rights there were amendments that protected the rights of the defendant. The 4th amendment stated that the criminal defendant could not be arrested unlawfully and that legal court notice is postulate in order to search or seize the accused. According to the Fifth Amendment in the Bill of Rights the defendant was guaranteed the advantage against the self-incrimination. Last but not the least in the sixth amendment the accused was given the right to a fast trial, compulsory process for witness and the right to a counsel for his defen se. These amendments give rights to the criminal defendant and to further support these rights certain rules were made like for example the accused have to be brought in front of the judicial officer as soon as he is arrested. The Warren Court expanded the right to counsel by ruling that criminal defendants charged with felonies in state courts do have fundamental right to an attorney even if they

Projet 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Projet 4 - Essay ExampleThe variances reflected the substance that needed to be earmarked for the vacation in Hawaii, life insurance of children, and the funds needed for the Christmas vacation, as place under financial goals (Part 1). When these were not yet reflected in the Income and Expenses Statement for September, there was a extravagance of $750. However, disposed that additional savings were needed for the planned expenses, no surplus was therefore reflected for October. Discuss what you learned closely the budgeting process from this exercise and whether you feel you need to make any adjustments to your periodical budget. I realized that to finance planned vacations and other financial needs, the family needs to earmark an exact amount per month to save for these intercommunicate expenses. As shown from our comparative income and expense statements, the additional savings wiped our any surplus previously reflected. In this regard, in order to have a surplus amount, we should review some financial accounts and make little adjustments in our monthly budget. The budget for food appropriateance, transportation and miscellaneous could be adjusted to give way for surplus in the in store(predicate) statements. B. Retirement Savings Needs In estimating the retirement savings needs, a chop-chop response to the Ballpark Estimate indicates that Based on the assumptions you entered, you have now saved enough to allow you to replace 6 percent of your final wages (this includes income from Social Security). The percentage of total salary you lead need to save from now until retirement age to achieve your desired income replacement rate is cxl percent. The dollar amount you will need to save this year is $46,924 (Choose to Save, 2011). Information from the Social Security Online indicated that for Retirement, Your estimated monthly make headway amount, beginning at age 62 and 1 month in 2040, is $2,729.00. For your estimate, we assumed future increases i n prices or earnings (Social Security Online, 2011). This information indicate that I need to earmark more than funds for savings for my retirement. At the current monthly salary being received, the projected monthly benefit from the Social Security is only $2,729, which is below what I currently receive from my salary. Given that I do not need to support our children at that age, I still need to support and sustain day-after-day living needs, including health and medications. C. Revised Goals Worksheet A. Describe the Goal B. Dollar Amount Required? C. Deadline determine? D. Date to Start Saving? Number of Months to Save? (C - D) Monthly Savings Amount Long term goals spend in Hawaii Retirement Fund $5000 $32,400 Dec. 2012 Jan. 2012 Oct. 2011 Dec. 2038 16 months 324 months $312.50 $100 Intermediate LT Goals Life insurance for the children $3000 Oct. 2016 Oct. 2011 60 months $50 Short Term Goals House fund Christmas vacation Summer

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Motivation - Essay ExampleKeySpan is the surviving entity of a merger between Brooklyn amount of money Gas and Long Island Lighting Company. It was Kenny Moores job to bring together the personnel of the IT departments of the two merging companies. He decided to do it through an open space meeting, wherein the 400 IT staff members would come together to piece topics they would want to discuss in subsequent breakout posings. Initially, the CIO was apprehensive that nobody would suggest any topic, and proposed put topics with the directors in advance to make sure some people came forward. Kenny discouraged this and said it was advance to risk this chance and show the employees that the forethought trusted the process.In the end, some 50 topics for breakout session were proposed, and the breakout sessions were enthusiastically and energetically undertaken, making the open space meeting a huge success. Kenny ascertained that the key to success was the Ownership for a successful mer ger from the hallowed halls of serious management into the cubicles of the prevalent work. He attributed the success to the freedom inherent in a business invitation.A careful referee will note that the word motivation is not used once in this case and yet, the case intelligibly has a lot to say about motivation and how it is managed in the workplace. Use the previously discussed theories to explain why people were motivated.While the word motivation was never used in the case, it was clearly such a case. Management intended for people to perform in a certain manner and act a certain way to yield a particular result. Through the process of the open space meeting, management was able to motivate the people to do just that.There are several motivational theories that whitethorn explain why the process worked. Herein we shall discuss the case from the point of view of four of these theories, for the involvement of conciseness and relevance.McGregors Theory YIn 1960, Douglas McGreg or began a long-standing debate (that incidentally still exists today) with the publication of his volume The Human Side of the Enterprise. He introduced in this work his theory for which he is famously credited, Theory X and Theory Y. Essentially, he posed the question, Could employees be trusted and empowered to do good work, or did they vex to be closely directed, monitored, and controlled to act in the interests of the firm (Kochan et al, 2002, p. 2) Theory X, which is defined as the authoritative management style, posits that employees charter to be closely monitored and controlled. On the other hand, Theory Y, popularly known as the participative management style, answers this with the premiere alternative, that is, that employees, may be counted on to do good work on their own and thus may be empowered to act on their own initiative.Theory Y makes the following assumptions1.Given the

Bib 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bib 8 - Essay Example correspond to the Acts, Peter had to flee from Jerusalem later the threats of persecution by King Agrippa and spent his time henceforth traveling and building churches all over. There is make of Peter returning to the church in Jerusalem later that not much score has been given of him other than that in the Acts. Peters writings indicate that he was on missional work in the areas of Asia Minor and also in Rome, wor female monarch with Mark to translate his experiences with Christ and memorandum the teachings and history (Niswonger, 1992). Peters ministry was mainly to the Jews.Peters First Epistle was written from Rome and address to people in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia (Barlee, 1837). The issues raised by Peter mainly comprised the church persecution. Also, Peter detailed his get understanding of apostolic ethic. Peters second letter was addressed presumably to the same churches but the topic under discussion was the false teachers in t he church. In the final years of his life, Paul dictum the killing of his wife, was thrown into the Mamertine prison where he converted his jailers, was subjected to immense torture and was killed in 67AD by Nero (McBirnie).According to the Galatians, apostle John was in Jerusalem in the about 49AD where he rose to a position of commodious influence in Christianity shortly after the Roman destruction of Jerusalem, he moved to Ephesus (McBirnie) and stayed till his go bad years as a leader in the Ephesians church (Niswonger). Here under the Roman kings decision, John was exiled to an island called Patmos where he was presented with the sacred book of Revelation and he recorded the events in novel Testament book of Revelation (McBirnie) along with Johns letters. John addresses the people as the rector and the apostle in a very personal manner and refers to himself as the elder. The main subject

Automation Assembly Parts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Automation Assembly Parts - Essay ExampleQFD has evolved from being a tool for proceeds and process design to being used for strategic planning systematically linking customer requirements with organisational functions and processes. A occupy has been proposed to reexamine QFD practices and develop a mechanism for implementing QFD. The objective of the study is to review available literature on QFD, and develop a methodology for QFD implementation indoors an organisation. Published literature in journals, conferences, and case studies would be considered for the study. The development of a product includes several processes, and QFD enables an analysis of every process for satisfying customer requirements within the functional constraints of the organisation. The scope of this study is QFD in a manufacturing organisation. The report will include an understanding of scoop out QFD practices and an illustration for implementing QFD. It is expected that the results of the study will reinforce the use of QFD as a quality commission technique, and protagonist identify the ideal ways of implementing QFD in a manufacturing organisation.The assurance of quality in a manufacturing organisation does not only help satisfy customer requirements, but also cut be and improve efficiency. A study has been proposed to study statistical tools that have been deployed in the manufacturing industry to assure quality. statistical tools include testing of hypotheses, analysis of regression, control charts, process capability, and six sigma. The study will include review of published literature in journals, conferences, books and case studies to identify best practices involving the use of statistical tools in a manufacturing organisation. Statistical distributions have been used to characterize populations based on a sample. Hypothesis testing has been deployed to help distinguish between areas of concern. Experiments are designed to

Science solves all the problems about where we come from Essay Example for Free

Science solves all the problems ab step up where we come from EssayScience, it is arguable, has opened the eyes of worldity and resign us the ignorance that we once lived each and every day of our lives in. it has helped us to come to scientifically sound and by trial and error beggarlyd theories that be now universally give birthed. One such example of a theory that by trial and error seems to prove scientifically, rather than religiously, where military man came from is the theory of Evolution. This seemed to lead m whatsoever mountain to accept the above statement. This is because it proved that there was a standcel bill of the existence of humanity, rather than the super inbred biblical sum up that was so popular in the Victorian Age. Charles Darwin, the mind behind the theory, would certainly agree with the statement as he seemed to apply done the impossible prove scientifically that immortal did very little, if anything, to create humanity itself. sort of of macrocosm created on the sixth day of matinee idols impossible creation, we evolved finished the very slow and very natural process of natural selection. This was added to the undeniable enjoin of fossils that were being frame in layers of the rocks of the earth that was found imputable to the very new and promising apprehension of Geology fossils of animals that do not exist and that form no smirch or mention in the Genesis depict of creation. Fundamentalist Christians had feeble replies to these findings, showing the limits to which their faith was being tested. Darwins theory is as well, now, widely accepted by nearly all scientists and many theistics as being the equity of the origins of humanity through a purely scientific method of research.A philosopher who whole-heartedly software documentationed Darwins theory with no room for doubt was Richard Dawkins. In his book, The Greatest Show on Earth, he seizes that although almost 40% of Ameri stomachs who dont c all back in developing, believe that it was created in the last 10,000 years or so, as it is stated in the Bible. He feels that if entirely this 40% was exposed to the evidence for evolution, then they couldnt possible believe this. Although some people would represent that evolution seems almost incapable to create humanity in such a suddenly clock cartridge clip span, Dawkins claims that dogs and cabbages and pigs and cows have all been changed in huge ways in a very short time, maybe a couple of centuries, a couple of millennia, in a his new book.The then goes on to muse that the earth has been in existence for hundreds of millennia, and this time frame gives us a great turn over of time for evolution to take place and trans bound single-celled amoeba into fully functional human beings. Dawkins as well as states that although fossils are a very persuasive method of proving that evolution happened, its not as heavy as new(prenominal) findings. These include things such a s the molecular comparisons of animals, radioactive dating and also the geographical distri thoion of animals. Dawkins thoroughly believes that if we assume evolution to be true, then everything we see in the world is evidence for it. Everything in the world is how it should be if evolution is true. Through this, Dawkins believes that wisdom bottom of the inning, solve the problems about where we come from and, also, any other problems we may be encountered with.However, someone who would strongly disagree with Darwin, and through him, Dawkins, is Samuel Wilberforce. He was a bishop of Oxford and also led the attack against Darwins theory, six months after he published it. He claimed, in an article in the Quarterly Review, that the theory of evolution showed a tendency to limit Gods glory in creation.Wilberforce felt that gentleman have superior reasoning to all other animals we are able to reason what is best out of a situation, as opposed to simply acting on instinct and impu lse with a sub disregard for the consequences. If evolution is correct and our reasoning was to have stemmed from it, then all animals, by now, should have developed the world power to reason and ignore powerful instincts that deprive them of the ability to be civilised. However, we are the alone animals to have developed this skill and other animals, thus far now, have shown no sign of developing the same, or a similar, skill. With this in mind, Wilberforce felt that if evolution is correct, then it does not even come close to pardoning our ability to reason, or even the emotions of humans and animals.However, in response to this, Robert Wright feels that post-Darwin Darwinists have solved this issue. Feelings such as desire and hunger have been passed down through evolution as those who eat much are more likely to survive and those who have sex more are more likely to pass on their characteristics in their genes.Even favour of high status, he claims, give the bounce be p in-pointed to evolution humans are socially competitive as high social status brings improved access to mates, so genes that provoke the pursuit of status fare well. He also feels that even bring downing can be traced through back to evolution. Genes inclining us to lower the social status of rivals by spreading unflattering gossip or harsh moral appraisals would be favoured by natural selection. A chemical has even been found that has been implicated with maternal bonding, romantic bonding and the trust that undergoes friendship. Using all of this evidence, Wright feels that not further can science solve the problems as to where humanity comes from, it can also go a few step further to let off why humans act the way they do, not only at their unconscious, base instincts, but is also at a conscious, public level.Someone who vehemently opposes the statement above is total heat Morris, although he has a different viewpoint to Wilberforce. Henry Morris is a strict Creationist (on e who believes in the exact account of the creation story, as recorded in Genesis 1 and 2). In his book, Biblical Creationism, Morris denies the idea of evolution, and even the compromise that some people has reached that the book of account days as stated in the Bible simply means eras or long periods of time. In Biblical Creationism, he states that the Bible taught clearly that all things were do by God in a six-day week of natural days. at that place was no room for evolution of the long geological periods of time.Morris, development the original, Hebrew version of the Bible, deduced that the word used in Genesis 1 for day was a word that always means a 24-hour period. The word used for era, he stated, is a completely different one. There should be no uncertainty whatever that God intended the account to say that the creation of all things had taken place in six literal days. Therefore, Morris would feel that science, in no way, can prove everything and solve all the problems about where we come from. Instead of utilise science to question ideas that the Bible gives, science should be judged against the Bible as to whether it is correct or not. This is because the Bible is, overall, the word of God, so it must stand tall above all other forms of proof that claim they know the truth of all things about humanity. God can never be mistaken as God is completely perfect, and, therefore, the Bible, Genesis included, is correct, right the way until the end.In reference to the fossils found by geologists, who would also claim have no place or mention in the creation story, Morris would beg to differ. He feels that he has found passages in the Bible that seem to refer to a diplodocus (a large, four-legged, long necked animal with a long whip-like tail) and a plesiosaurs (animals which had a broad body, four paddle-shaped flipper limbs and a short tail) in the form of the Behemoth and the Tannin which were both used to describe monsters in the Bible.A very thor ough interpretation of the Behemoth is given in Job 40 Look at the behemoth which I make along with you and which feeds like an ox. What strength he has in his loins, what power in the muscles of his belly Morris not only seems to have an explanation for the apparent lack of mention of dinosaurs, but also can pinpoint their time in creation even animals that have since become extinct such as dinosaurs were made on the fifth and sixth days of the creation week. Morris feels that science cannot possibly have solutions to the origins of humanity as the answers to everything that we can ever question have already been given to us in the perfect, flawless form of the Bible.There is also a view to the above statement not by an atheistic philosopher or scientist, but a theist, attempting to reconcile religion with science. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin felt that although science and religion seemed very much opponent on the surface, fundamentalists on each side tended to draw artificial ba ttle lines about it in a very complex field. He felt that it was simple to reconcile the two if you only rearranged the idea of Gods purpose, as perceived by humanity. He also felt that evolution and an expanding universe made no received difference to Gods creation. Although Teilhards ideas werent very popular, he found a way to effectively disagree and agree with a statement by claiming the ideas of one field could enhance the understanding in both. Science can be used to solve all problems about where we come from, but it cannot do this without the help of religion.Another theist who supported the same views as Teilhard is John Polkinghorne. He felt that the scientific explanation of the world raises more questions than it seems to solve. For example, how could the world have created itself, if it was random, so perfectly and with such precision that if it was created with any less or more energy, the universe would have ceased to exist very shortly after its beginning? Although science seems to give answers and explain very well how things were created the way they did, it doesnt explain how they were created against the consuming odds, if it were due to random chance.The chance of the existence of humanity through the openhanded Band theory is so absolutely minute, Polkinghorne sees it as impossible. He, therefore, plays a major billet in analysing the Anthropic Principle which states his exact beliefs. For Polkinghorne, religion and science are completely complimentary and support each other. Therefore, he comes to the same conclusion as Teilhard about the problems of where we come from science can explain and solve all the problems about where we come from, but cannot do so with religion.A person who also not only strongly agrees with the statement, but also attacks the creationist, and any theistic point of view, is Peter Atkins. He is very much an atheist and rejects any theistic ideas as simple ignorance of the unexplained. In the Middle Ages, whe n people didnt know or understand how something, they would simply use God to fill in the gaps in their noesis out of ignorance of the truth. For example, the Bubonic Plague, which was an extremely contagious bacterium, unknown to those at the time. However, those who were alive throughout the pandemics contented themselves to using God as an explanation to the disease, when they could find no immediate causes. Atkins feels that that is what theists are doing now finding God in the Big experience is the last refuge of the desperate. He feels that, in accordance with this statement, science has already solved the problem of where we come from, and will ultimately solve all problems with no help from religion.In conclusion, after looking at both sides of the argument, I feel that I agree with the statement, but only in part. I feel that it can solve many problems about where we come from, using the overwhelming evidence that Darwin put forward and the evidence that Dawkins reminds u s of. However, I do not feel that it can solve all the problems that are related to do with where we come from. For example, it is still unknown by science about where we come from. It is universally agreed by scientists that before the Big sack out, there was nothing no matter, no energy, and no forces. How, then, it is entirely reasonable to question, did the Big Bang come about? It is reasonable, therefore, by theists such as myself, to assume that there was a superior and intelligent designer must have caused the Big Bang into existence.Without the Big Bang, humanity would never have come into being. But even if the Big Bang would have being by some external, omnipotent force, it would have been highly unlikely that the Universe would have sustained itself without a sustainer. The Second Law of Thermodynamics, or the scientific concept of entropy, states that in any natural process there exists an inherent tendency towards the dissipation of useful energy. This basically means that when left alone, browse tends to revert back to chaos. If this were so then why isnt the world full of chaos, but order instead? Why does evolution lead to progression and not regression?I feel that science can explain the processes by which the universe and humanity came into being, but I dont think that it can thoroughly explain, using only natural and empirical evidence, how and, more importantly, why these processes came into being. Its all well saying that the Big Bang just happened, but to me, I feel that if the whole Universe was just an accident with no pattern or purpose, then none of humanity really has a reason or purpose for living, other than being the result of an accident. Or, perhaps, the universe is just brute fact as Bertrand Russell stated, and we just have to accept this. Nevertheless, although I feel that people can have different views on the world, for me, the universe cannot go without explanation as to why it exists.

The Linguistic Art Of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

The Linguistic Art Of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn EssayThe some significant feature that I noniced, after the first glance of the novel of? The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn? ,(Mark Twain ,Penguin Books LTD,1985,ISBN0-14-243717-4), are the lecture, phrases and sentences structures use by Mark Twain. This is the first book that I have ever read, which on the whole is written by colloquial languages, and sometimes even in misspelling words and dialects. These morphological and grammatical changes did cost extra time to understand, solely they are also the near interesting feature ca utilise most of my attention magic spell reading it. So in this readingresponse, I would like to analyze the language arts in the novel of ? The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?. First, as the adventures carried on, the protagonist Huckleberry met a lot of different people with different back ground. And the writer used many dialects and slangs for those characters to make the descriptions much more real. Take the following part of Jims words as mannequin, Yo ole father doan know, yit, what hes a-gwyne to do. close totime she spec hell go way, en den agin he spec hell stay. De bes way is to res easy en let de ole man halt his own way.Deys twoangels hovein roun bout him. One uv em is white en shiny, en tother champion is black. De white one gits him to go right, a little while, den de black one shroud in en bust it each(prenominal) up. A body cant tell, yit, which one gwyne to set out him at de las. entirely you is all right. You gwyne to have considable trouble in yo life, en considable joy. Sometimes you gwyne to git hirt, en sometimes you gwyne to git sick but every time yous gwyne to git well agin. Deys two gals flyin bout you in yo life. One uv ems light en tother one is dark. One is prosperous en tother is po.Yous gwyne to marry de po one fust en derich one by en by. You wants to keep way fum de water as much as you kin, en dont run no resk, kase its trim back in de bill dat yous gwyne to git hung. (27) As in this part, all over the words of Jim, your, away, best, round, about, them, the other, considerable, flying, poor are all weakened as yo, way, bes, roun, bout, em, tother, considable, flyin, po respectively, and old, yet, going, speak, then, there, get, hurt, girls, first, from, because are all reformed as ole, yit, gwyne, spec, den, dey, git, hirt, gals, fust, fum, kase respectively.These areexact the features of black slangs, which is the most suitable words for Jim. Second, instead of describing a lot of steps and atmosphere, Mark Twain just using verbs to guide on readers into the sceneries. As the following part, Then he turns and goes in.The crowd looked mighty sober nobody stirred, and there rebuket no more laughing. Boggs rode off blackguarding Sherburn as loud as he could yell, all down the street and pretty soon back he comes and stops before the store, still keeping it up. Some men crowded around him and tr ied to get him to shut up, but he wouldnt they told him it would be one oclock inabout fifteen minutes, and so he must go home he must go right away. (154) In the first sentence of this part, writer used naive present tense to place Huckleberrys behavior in the spotlight, while used simple past tense to describe others to make them as the background of the main character.This little change in tense made readers feel much more easier to get the real feeling. And as the next example when Huckleberry found out there was someone else was talking on the island with him on his way of escaping, I didnt wait, but shoved out and paddled away easy. I tied up in the old place, and reckoned Iwould sleep in the canoe. (51) The usage of constant verbs gave the readers a direct experience of being spooked, which is much more real feeling than the description of Huckleberrys feeling at that time.Third, there are a lot of informal contractions of grammar to clothe for Huckleberry who is a thirtee n years old boy without too much education. For example, Well, Judge Thatcher, he took it and contrive it out at interest, and it fetched us a dollar a day apiece, all the year round. (page9) But Tom Sawyer, he hunted me up and said he was going to start a solidification of robbers. (9)The widow she cried over me, and called me a poor lost lamb, and she called me a lot of other names, too. (9) These sentences are all in a Noun + Personal Pronoun, which is not formally grammatical, but suitable for Huckleberry. Other examples as, She put me in them new clothes again, and I couldnt do nothing but sweat and sweat, and feel all cramped up. (910) Well, I couldnt see no advantage in going where she was going, so I made up my mind I wouldnt try for it. (11) These double negative sentences do not mean an affirmative way, but matchable ungrammatical words for a thirteen year little boy.

Athletic Leadership Development Program Essay Example for Free

acrobatic leadershiphip Development Program striveThere is great motif to develop effective gymnastic management envisions in juicy naturalizes. asunder from the fact that students derive direct benefit from such programs, it is alike a good training preference since todays high school athletes will eventu anyy take shape as tomorrows brags leaders as coaches, trainers, athletic administrators, sports physicians, sports psychologists and former(a)wise capacities (Lanasa, Ciletti Lackman, 2005). amply school is a very important stage in which students prep be for the early by getting a good education, making friends and figure in other activities such as athletics. It is unfortunate, that m whatsoever schools have adopted budget cuts that under provide for sports, taking the opinion that money would be better spent on academics. Though it is right that academics come first, sacrificing high school sports is dangerous to the students high school experience as it affects their ability to perform at optimum academic levels (Amorose Horn, 2000). Sports be as well an important component that helps students develop into well-rounded adults who give full benefits to the country at large. INTRODUCTIONThis base will carry out a literature review to illustrate how a give lessons Athletic leadership Plan establishs to give students full benefits. In extension, the school as an asylum also derives high levels of achievement and satisfaction from the same. It will show how students with an interest in the field of training and discussion of athletes faecal matter effectively be prepared by the school athletic training programs. They are a perfect opportunity of gaining college and career preparation. These programs give an stamp down opportunity to the rack upment of information, certification, scholarships and networking for students (MacGregor, 2005).HOW TO DEVELOP A lead PROGRAM This section will evaluate the lead program adopted by W heeler High School in Indiana. It presents a situation that is appropriate to most high schools where there are potentially good pseudos but their hopes and targets fail to materialize due to lack of a well organized sports material and leadership in the school. On evaluation of the progress and areas that need change, Snodgrass notes that the foremost problem was the lack of player leadership in the students group up ups coupled with the lack of senior talent (2005).Borrowing from the object adopted by this school, this paper will give guidelines on how a school athletic leadership political platform stop be developed. Structure of the program An effective leadership program should start by identifying players that can participate in the plan. For starters, the first class could be made up of six senior and two next-to-last students who would meet weekly for two to three hours over a ten week period (Snodgrass, 2005). In this period, they would they would participate in th e curriculum by carrying out the following Interaction They are expected to visit and spend one or two hours in the curriculum each night (Snodgrass, 2005).From this interaction, the head of the plan identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the selected team by observing how they interact and how committed they are. This is the stage at which the leaders and those with skills valuable to the plan are identified. As they share ideas, hopes and aspirations, this pilot company can come up with an excellent innovation of the plan since they are better positioned to know what would work with their fellow student athletes and what would not. Activities strengthening core set The activities that strengthen core values are important as they set the plan in bowel movement with the rest of the student athletes.The pilot sort of eight should each be assigned a group of student with which they carry out these activities. This could occur in class for discussions and after knowing each o ther, the group members should engage in out of class activities. Group leaders are expected to call inbound players and engage with them with an aim of getting to know them intimately (University of Wisconsin, 2007). This is a very important step as the group leaders get in a position to identify strengths and weaknesses that might be private from the coaches and teachers.This enables the teams to avoid failures that commonly arise from the lack of proper understanding within the team. Leadership in callowness camps The eight members of the pilot team should serve as counselor at the summer youth camp. They are expected to take up roles such as teaching a position, coaching the team in flag football, running the punt-pass-kick contest etc (Young Edmonson, 2010). It should involve activities such as story narrations to emphasize the importance of team playing. The plan should be sure to implement a youth summer camp.The Handbook of Organizational Consulting psychology underscor es the importance of such camps in the development of leadership plans. It is from such camps that the members emerge as a team understanding each other, with strong leadership and ready to work together (Fiedler, 2002). The above activities lay the earthing on which the plan can be built upon. After getting the required individuals to spearhead the program and the necessary team sprit, the plan can proceed into the next step in which it formally assembles the vanquish ideas and strategies for the leadership program in form of a blueprint discussed in the following section.PLANNING THE shape Snodgrass defines a blueprint as the abut of designing a leadership program in any field from start to finish (2005). It guides the implementation of the whole process and it gives guidelines on how to check progress and mastery levels. This paper will provide a blueprint that is divided into steps as follows abuse 1 Assembling the planning team According to the program adopted by the Leig h University for the summer of 2007, the planning team should comprise all the key stakeholders to build a program that is acceptable campus wide (Fiedler, 2002).It is imperative to fasten that all individual stakeholders understand the importance of athletics in the life of the students. Teachers and other members of staff should be ready to sacrifice some academic hours in order to bring the plan into track. In this university, the team consisted of coaches from the Athletic division, administrators and student-athletes as well as staff from the Dean of Students Office to attain a healthy balance (Young Edmonson, 2010). They should meet weekly to discuss the rest of the steps in the blueprint. Step 2 Conducting a leadership auditThe leadership audit is a systematic judgement of leadership development opportunities at the institution and beyond. A complete audit includes both internal and external reviews and inventories all leadership opportunities (Lanasa, Ciletti Lackman, 2 005). Internal audit The information from this audit should find out whether there are other leadership initiatives on campus in which student-athletes can participate (). Fiddler finds that often these programs are not intentional to directly increase the value of the students leadership and do not fundamentally affect Athletics as a whole(Amorose Horn, 2000).There should be goal setting and skill building workshops that are conducive to the unique schedules of student-athletes and athletics department staff. External audit This involves researching specific leadership opportunities at other institutions. This should particularly look for leadership development programs and spoken communication options within other institutions (Robinson Skinner, 2008). It can be make in neighboring schools that have highly successful leadership development programs to identify crucial aspects that can be adopted.It can also be done online or from other literature on the complete to set good standards for a comprehensive plan. Step 3 Identification of an anchor The anchor is another(prenominal) crucial aspect of the plan that should be in place. Young and Edmonson define it as the existing institutional purpose, outreach or reason that makes the programs efforts essential and justifies the investment of time, energy and resources to support the effort (2010). It helps in the acceptance of the plan since it does not appear as something totally alien. For instance the billing statement of Lehigh University isTo get on with tuition through the integration of teaching, research, and service to others (Young and Edmonson, 2010). To be in tandem with the schools mission statement, the Lehigh Athletics Mission Statement could be made to capture that of the institute, e. g. Our mission in the Lehigh Athletics Department is to advance learning to develop leadership, and to foster personal growth through comprehensive athletics programming. (Young and Edmonson, 2010). This w ay, the plan manages to entrench itself within existing institutional goals and hence all stakeholders can comfortably identify with it and work towards its implementation.As such, teachers for instance would drop their hard line stance towards the plan as they feel it helps in academics. Step 4 Determining the scope The scope is the extent of the leadership experience which encompasses aspects such as how deep the program will be embedded in institutional culture and the programmatic mission and learning objectives (Robinson Skinner, 2008). The scope should be connected to the vision, mission, and learning outcomes of the schools sports department.Vision the plan should be aimed at cultivating a culture of leadership which encourages self-awareness, commitment to team playing, and emphasis on values and actions that enhance a good athletic experience. (Amorose Horn, 2000) Mission the sports department should use the plan to complement and support the larger missions of the instit ution as a whole. This can be achieved with the use of the transformational leadership theory that enhances students leadership skills and understanding (Fiedler, 2002). It should accomplish a sense of community among al stakeholders focusing on the value of demonstrable leadership.Learning outcomes these are the benefits that the students should derive from participating in the Athletic Leadership Program. Firstly, they enhance their knowledge of elemental leadership skills and principles. Others are interpersonal skills, integrity, peer motivation, self awareness and the value of diversity in both situation (University of Wisconsin, 2007). This will enhance their wellbeing in every field of life in school and beyond. Step 5 Shaping the philosophy A philosophy is important in shaping an appropriate vision, mission and goals for a comprehensive Athletic Leadership Program.Robison and Skinner put forward two examples of philosophy that can be used to achieve this end. They do so by addressing the unique needs of student-athletes, teams and coaches (2008). The Transformational Leadership Theory is the primary philosophy in which the program is embedded. It describes a course of action where both leaders and participants engage in a mutual, ongoing process of raising one another to higher levels of motivation, lesson reasoning, and self-consciousness (Robinson Skinner, 2008). This encourages collaboration and interdependence within participants by appealing to social and community focused values.Principle-Centered Leadership Theory this theory is based on principle based leadership. Leaders are required to boil down their practices in natural based practices. Their values can only be effective if they remain truthful to these guiding principles, which are identified as continually learning, service-oriented, radiate positive energy, believe in other people, lead balanced lives, see life as an adventure, are synergistic, and exercise for self-re new-fashio nedal (Robinson Skinner, 2008). Step 6 Selecting delivery framework These are the strategies and individuals to be used for teaching participants about leadership.This includes positional leaders and emerging ones. positional leaders include coaches and captains who are directly responsible of development of athleticism in individual-student athletes which will eventually lead them to winning championships (Fiedler, 2002). Emerging leaders include students joining the program and those who have been it for a epoch and want to further their leadership skills. This way, the plan ensures that it has a never ending supply of talent and new leadership, i. e. it is sustainable. Step 7 Select Assessment and Evaluation StrategiesThis step ensures that intentional assessment and evaluation tools will are available. It is recommended that the implementation of the blueprint is assessed after the first full year of implementation. The tools to be used for this assessment may include focus g roups, student-athlete exit interviews, pre- and post-surveys, student-athlete post-season evaluations, etc (University of Wisconsin, 2007). This process is meant to explore needs, outcomes and satisfaction derived from the plan. CONCLUSION A School Athletic Leadership Plan like the one outlined above will go a long way in accomplishing a varied range of needs in the school.It clearly shows the need to implement an effective plan from which students can derive numerous benefits. The step by step process is imperative in creating a leadership program which is self sustaining and which is deeply rooted in the institutional goals and vision. This ensures that it is embraced by all. REFERENCES Amorose, A. J, and Horn T. S (2000). Intrinsic Motivation relationship with collegiate athletes gender, scholarship status, and perceptions of their coaches behavior. Journal of sport and exercise psychology. 22(1), 63 84. Fiedler, F. E (2002). Proactive ways to improve leadership performance.Han dbook of organizational consulting psychology, 76 105, San Francisco Jossey-Bass Lanasa, J. , Ciletti, D. and Lackman, R. (2005). conception a Model for Improved Outcomes Among Students- Athletes in Sports Education. Left Coast Press. Retrieved, sixth August, 2010http//lcoastpress. metapress. com/index/6jp60m3240x253mm. pdf MacGregor, G. M. (2005). Designing Student Leadership Programs Transforming the Leadership Potential of Youth. Youthleadership. com Robison, T. I and Skinner, T. (2008). The Athlete and the Grade Change. Cases in Educational Leadership. Retrieved, 6th August, 2010http//jel.sagepub. com/cgi/content/abstract/11/1/106 Snodgrass, S. (2005). Building a high school leadership program. Gale, Cengage Learning. University of Wisconsin. (2007). A Grounded Theory Of High Quality Leadership Programs Perspectives From Student Leadership Development Programs In Higher Education. capital of Wisconsin University of Wisconsin. Young, J. and Edmonson, S. (2010). High School Athl etic Directors and Educational Leadership Traits A Conceptual Analysis of the Literature. Retrieved, 6th August, 2010http//www. ncpeapublications. org/attachments/ expression/33/m34613. pdf

Bilingual Education Essay Example for Free

bilingualist Education EssayBilingual Education isnt an issue thats been short lived. The programs sire existed as far back as the late eightereenth century Immigrant organisees were then instructed in their root speech communication. Ohio became the first conjure to adopt an substantial bilingual education state legislation in 1839. Other states soon followed, although the variation in language was fewwhat broader (Lipka n.p).Controversy has been constant over what orders atomic number 18 actu exclusivelyy potent, and what regularitys need to be retired. Since we are a nation that doesnt suck up a national language and requires every chela to obtain an education, the province to provide one, becomes ours. With more and more immigrants coming from Mexico, the need for a winnerful bilingual education method is exploding. Educating any pupil in a language outside(prenominal) to their own seems ridiculously absurd. One that doesnt ascertain the language health y freightert obtain anything taught in the foreign language. Although many approaches of bilingual education are used throughout the joined States, they in all vary in theory and in direction style.The withdrawers have to be thoroughly taught side of meat before joining an position public blabing take aimroom devising Immersion the closely successful method. During the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s, bilingual education became an issue, making legislation necessary to help resolve the problem that had been affecting assimilators and families so harshly (Lipka n.p). In January 1968, electric chair Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Bilingual Education morsel, which incorporated native-language instruction into the curriculum (Lipka). Although the Bilingual Education Act was signed, the difference didnt stop. A few historic period it was found in the court case Lau vs. San Francisco School regularize that the Bilingual Education Act wasnt macrocosm carried out in th eir school.The law suit delineate 1,800 other students eight-year-old Kenny Lau sued the San Francisco School District over side- solitary(prenominal) instruction in a school where most students communicate exactly Chinese. These students couldnt take on in the English, because none of the students understood English. The Supreme Court ruled that schools without modified provisions to education language-minority students are non providing equal education and violate the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The federal government publishes unseasoned materials in nearly seventy languages and allocatessixty-eight million dollars for bilingual education (PBS n.p). after the Supreme Court hearing things still werent better for minority singing students. Help was mandatory then, and remains the very(prenominal) today.There are many various methods that educators choose to use in their schoolrooms, although or so are controversial. The bilingual programs of today are mostly a product o f the Bilingual Education Act (Title VII) passed in 1968 (ECS n.p). Some states have mandated laws that enforce a strict bilingual program that is taught in all public schools in their state, while others arent as strict. Some states need the programs more than others. According to ProEnglish, 15 states account for 94% of students who speak languages other than English in their home.Therefore, we know that in these fifteen states we internaliness get a line English efficiently. These students all speak a native language in their homes, so on the contrary to some beliefs, these students are not easily going to pick up on a native language. Today we know more about(predicate) educating students of a minority language then we did in the past, save we are still struggling with it today. Some people even believe we should completely score bilingual education out. If that happens, thither wouldnt be prospect for those native speaking students.We would have untold larger number o f non-English speaking Ameri stick outs, and a lot more citizens that couldnt find jobs. Lastly, it would be geological fault the Civil Rights Laws. There are countless misconceptions about bilingual education. Some even believe that its manifestly a lost cause, but statistics show other wise. In 1990, only three portion of U.S. residents reported speaking English less than good or very well.Only eight-tenths of one part mouth no English at all (Crawford n.p). There are many effective methods to article of faith these students. Some argue that if taught the native language, it cant be transferred to the one learned, while this may be difficult for some, it is possible (Crawford n.p). Students would have an easier m transferring their knowledge from their native language opposed to being taught in a language that isnt understandable at all. Critics complain about the tax dollars we spend to school these non-English speaking students, but they also complain about all the mino rities that have to live on welfare. mayhap if they were better educated it wouldnt be quite the case. Critics also believe that bilingual education programs arent promoting English, but merely dogma students only in their native language.Most every program in the United States promotes the teaching of English in one form or another. Although, they are not assay to remove ones culture and linguistic heritages, they are just preparing them for success in the public school systems and in the English speaking nation we live in. According to one study, school districts reported that 28% of expressage English proficiency (LEP) elementary school students baffle no native-language instruction. Among those who do, about a third receive more than 75% of their instruction in English a third receive from 40 to 75% in English and one third of these receive less than 40% in English (Crawford n.p). Latino dropouts continue to remain last. There is multiple factors associated with these stati stics, such as family poverty, English proficiency, some simply neer even enrolls in school (NCES n.p).In 2005, more than one-fifth (22.4 percent) of Hispanics 16 through 24 years of age were dropouts, according to the National midriff for Education Statistics (NCES n.p). The Hispanic dropout rate can be lower with smashing bilingual education plans for teaching those who cant speak English. The rate is especially high in Mexican immigrants. In fact, the status dropout rate of 44.2 percent for Hispanic 16- through 24-year-olds innate(p) foreign the 50 states and/or the District of Columbia was more than double the rate of 16.1 percent for Hispanic youths born in the United States (NCES n.p). These individuals dont have the education that is necessary to succeed in the United States, which is not fair according to Civil Rights laws.There are multiple causes for the high dropout rate, but their sagaciousness of the language is a leading cause. So, to be equal to all students, we must provide the same opportunity to native-speaking students. Methods are plentiful to educating students whom dont speak the dominant language, but most generally only a few methods are currently used in public schools in the United States. First, the submerging method, in a submersion program the native speaking student is put in the classroom right a pine with the English speaking students (Queen n.p). Students are expected to learn what the other students are being taught even though they may not fully understand the language. You could stapleally consider this method a sink or swim type of education. It sounds absurd for one to expect another to learn something in a language they cannot even decipher.This method may not be considered Bilingual Education to some because only one language is being used. Even if this is the case, students are still being educated in a language unfamiliar to them. Students cannot understand something they arent familiar with. If they seem they a re picking up on the language conversationally, they still may not register thoughts in English to actually learn material that is being taught in the classrooms. This method pull up stakes not work for most students native speaking students will continue to fall rear. Eventually students wont be able to catch up with other students their age. Submersion is therefore, no one way for a student to learn anything. Students that fall behind could potentially add to the high statistics in the high dropout rates.Many schools today have English as a Second Language (ESL) programs, such as the Scott County School district uses today. This is when a non-English speaking student is placed in English speaking classrooms for part of their classes, while for others they go to an ESL classroom. When in the ESL classroom they pore on learning English to succeed in their English speaking classes.This method can be very effective if the students participate, but if they fall behind there is going to be many hardships catching up. Some students will never catch up to their age group in school and wont finish their education (Queen n.p). Students in ESL programs arent given enough succession to learn the language well enough to succeed therefore the meter they spend in English speaking classrooms could be considered useless to some. If theyre not understanding of the language, this seems like a waste of the students time. It can also be an imposition to the English speaking students in the classroom.Special time and attention would have to be given to these native-speaking students. That time would then take away from the English-speaking students education. Students arent actually taking in anything theyre learning, other than picking up on a few English words, then this is a waste of time to not only the teachers that arent qualified to teach them, but to the English speaking students in the classroom as well. Minority students must receive intensive instruction, since th e drop out rate of non-English speaking students in the public system is so high, measures must be drastic. The General Accounting Office reported in February 2001 that out of 70 studies reviewed only three focused specifically on how long it took students to attain English proficiency. General estimates ranged from four to eight years (ECS n.p).Therefore we know that learning a foreign language enough to learn isnt easily done and it isnt necessarily a speedy process. We have to give intensive instruction, and we must not give up on these students. This method isnt effective enough though, it takes years to learn English in ESL programs as researchers have found. Being as this method takes so long, there is not time for students to keep up with their classes. Many students will not succeed, and will never accomplish what is compulsory to graduate high school.One of the biggest controversies schools and state legislators are facing is the argument with tightness versus Bilingual E ducation. The ESL method is used a frequently in the U.S, but many ESL supporters are starting to follow the new immersion trend, because it doesnt take students as much time to learn English. Immersion method of teaching students are intensively taught English for a period of time, for example one school year. After they have learned English well enough to understand, and to actually have the chance to learn English.They are placed back again in English speaking classes and thats where they will continue their education. Immersion can stop students from dropping-out and falling behind. Critics argue this is just a loss of time, but with ESL they are in the long run loosing even more time. At a leadership meeting a participant firm to speak up, she was an ESL teacher. She said, Research shows that it takes five to seven years for a student to master English well enough to succeed in a mainstream classroom, she said, adding that this finding was only for children who were already pr oficient in their first language. For kids without good language skills of any kind, it takes 10 years, said the teacher (Triangle Business Journal N.P). Students that dont speak well enough English get thrown into English speaking classrooms that they are not ready to be.Upon this happening students continue to fall behind and could be accounted for such high dropout rates in native speaking students, especially in the Hispanic students. Native-speaking students will have a hard time understanding material in English when you present it before they truly understand enough but, if you keep back sure they understand the English first, teaching them in English is going to be much more effective and that should be a given. Bilingual Education will be effective in different ways for all different students. Any language students learn differently, some like more opthalmic aide, while others like lots of verbal explanation. That being said, there is no difference in teaching students of another language. Every student has similar basic needs, therefore there should be a basic method used everywhere.We cant expect these students to sink or swim a good method must be used. Since most of these students dont have any sort of an English background at home, then educators cant expect them to receive any help from the home. So, all the English has to come from the school. Since every student is going to learn at their own pace, we must teach them extensively, without doing so understanding English will not come quick enough.Teaching them English isnt taking them away from any of their native culture its preparing them for success in the United States. Preparing students for success in English educators will be abiding the civil rights law, and offering each student the same education. If parents dont pauperization their child speaking two languages or learning English, they should take their child to a private school that will only teach their child in their native lang uage. Although, most native-speaking parents want their children to be fluent in English as well as the language they speak at home.There are also so many advantages to being bilingual today. When traveling foreign countries one could commute with others. It also leads to exposure to both cultures, and one will become more culturally diverse. If one wanted to move to another for another country for any different reason they would have an easier time adjusting. The United States today there are many different language being spoke all over, all the time. Employers look for multi-lingual speaking employees so that they can meet everyones needs.Places such as the hospital, multi-language speaking employees are essential, because not only do English speaking patients come in, as well a lot of other native-speaking patients. Scott City and surrounding areas there are a lot of Spanish speaking people, whom need the same things English speaking people do. Therefore, offering one who is bili ngual on the job is going to help tremendously.Since the United States has no decreed language, I suppose we cant expect everyone to speak English. According to ProEnglish, over 30 states have adopted English as their official language. Some federal legislation implicitly standardizes English (Wikipedia n.p). Knowing English could almost be considered essential to survive and succeed in this English speaking country. According to the 2000 census, the United states has 215 million that are speaking English. While only 28 million speak Spanish, and next a Chinese language who has about two million speaking in the United States (Wikipedia n.p). This should be enough proof to any educator or legislator that knowledgeable English is essential. If one is bilingual in English and Spanish, then even better. English is most essential to be successful in the United States.There are endless reasons that knowing English in the United States that would be essential to anyone. The United States is the land of the free, so there is not law stating one must speak the most commonly spoken language English. To be exact about ninety-six percent of Americans speak English (Wikipedia n.p). To be successful, one will want to understand the language. Most colleges in the United States are all taught in English, although you could go to a school speaking your language, the majority will be teaching in English. Students that want to succeed and go to state colleges theyre going to need to understand English. The opportunity is available for all students, but some mightiness have it harder with the different method thats used in schools across the United States.All methods can work in teaching students some are just more successful than others. We must educate these native-speaking students so that they have the equal opportunity that English-speaking students do. The need for bilingual education is astronomical its simply whats right. Students need to learn English to have the same opportunity for success as others. Some might even have more opportunity once they are fluent in more than one language. The point is we need a good program that works efficiently to educate every native-speaking student in the United States. All the methods have their perks, but we need the most effective and efficient program to teach these minority students. The submersion method doesnt help any student that is struggling with English, they simply sink or swim. The method might be cheaper, but it will not help any student with the need for Bilingual Education.The only advantage some consider is budgeting. The English as a Second Language program defiantly is a step-up from the Submersion program, but it shows many weaknesses as well. The program wastes time with students in English-speaking classrooms, that dont even understand the language. Although they are being taught English, and have an instructor also teaching in their native language, the teaching of English, simply isnt intense enough.Thats why Immersion is the best way to educate these minority students that cannot speak English, although they may loose a year of education, they are not going to fall behind any longer than that. When they finish the program, they will be able to understand and speak English. When they are put into English-speaking classrooms they will understand everything being taught. This is what we need for these native students to keep up with the English speaking students.This will lessen minorities falling behind dropout rates, and maximizes English understanding. Immersion is the best way to teach these students, and will in cut into help these students succeed to fullest of their potential. Immersion makes Bilingual Education is faster and more successful. When structured English immersion plans were used in California, after two years of instruction, students made significant gains in reading and report in English as well as math, relative to students nationwide taki ng the Stanford 9, most of whom are native English speakers (NCPA n.p). This seems proof enough, that immersion is the way to teach our minority students English successfully.Citations1. National Center for Educational Statistics. Student Effort and Educational Process.n.d.2006. 10 April 2009.2. Education Commision of the States. n.d. 11 April 2009.3. Queen, Robin. Bilingual Education. 2005. 12 April 2009.4. Jones, capital of Wisconsin and Renee Bou-Waked. School Choice and Hispanic Dropouts. 12 November 2007. 8 April 2009 .5. Crawford, James. Ten Common Fallacies about Bilingual Education. November 1998. 7 April 2009 .6. Hood, John. Immersion vs. bilingual education.Triangle Business Journal(1997) n.p.7. Lipka, Sara. The Battle Over Bilingual Education.The Atlantic Online (2002) n.p.8. PBS. chasten Time Line. n.d. 10 April 2009.9. ProEnglish. The status of bilingual education in America. n.d. 8 April 2009 .10. Wikipedia. Languages of the United States. n.d. 9 April 2009. .

On a personal experience of cultural adaptation Essay Example for Free

On a personal experience of ethnical alteration Essay readjustment, originally as a biologic concept, is an alteration or adjustment in structure or habits, by which a species or individual improves its condition in relationship to its environment. all(prenominal) creature on the earth, including human beings, has the essential and innate capacity of adapting to the outer environment. That is on the level of biologic adaptation. The evolution of human beings makes them outmatch all the other creatures to develop their own language and finale, which is unique single among themselves. At this time, the adaptation of human beings could not only be confined in the scope of biological one.Cultural adaptation, at this point, is necessary and indispensable for the further development of human beings. The signifi assholece and importance can be represented especially when the heathen contexts or environments have diverged no matter it is a assortment of international, intereth nical, interethnic, inter-religion, or inter- area, etc. The term microculture, the counter explode of macroculture, can refer to a social group that shares distinctive traits, determine, and expressions that set it a parting from the parent macroculture of which it is a part (Gollnick Chinn, 1998).The identity of microculture can be based on traits and values of different ethnic origin, religion, gender, age, socioeconomic status, geographic region, place of residence conditions, and so on, among which, geographic region and place of residence provide be what I give my steering on in this paper. The smorgasbord of geographic region and place of residence will evoke the change in psychology and behavior to adjust and adapt oneself to the unfermented environments. 2. Cultural Adaptation 2. 1 Cultural Adaptation versus Biological Adaptation Human beings, like other living creatures in the world, also have biological and psychological needs. somewhat other animals fill their n eeds primarily through biological adaptation, for example, a lion uses speed and sharp dentition and claws to capture and eat its prey. However, our human beings develop forms of knowledge and technologies that enable them to get the necessary energy from the environment and make life more secure. This knowledge and technology forms a core of culture that can be passed from generation to generation and group and group, so human beings adapt to their world culturally (Nanda Warms, 2002). Cultural adaptation has some distinct advantages over biological adaptation.Because human adapt through learned behavior, they can change their approach to solving problems more quickly and easily. However, creatures whose adaptations are primarily biological change slowly (Nanda Warms, 2002). Adaptation, approach being into one of the basic characteristics of culture, makes tidy sum develop to accommodate environmental conditions and available natural and expert resources (Gollnick Chinn, 199 8). enculturation, in fact, is the way human beings adapt to the world (Nanda Warms, 2002). 2. 2 The Definition of Cultural AdaptationFrom the construction of sociology and anthropology, cultural adaptation is the long-term process of adjusting and finally feeling comfortable in a sore environment (Kim Gudykunst, 1988). Immigrants who enter a culture more or less voluntarily and who at some point decide to adapt to the new cultural context experience cultural adaptation in a positive way. Cultural adaptation, especially intercultural adaptation is broadly used in the literature of intercultural discourse studies, and according to Kim, it refers to the process of increasing the level of fitness of people to meet the demands of a new cultural environment.It deals with how sojourners or new immigrants experience the distress caused by mismatches or incompatibility between the host culture and the culture of birth (Fan, 2004). 2. 3 vexs of Cultural Adaptation 2. 3. 1 The Anxiety and Uncertainty Management Model This model was put forward by colloquy theorist William Gudykunst. He stresses that the goal of effective intercultural communication can be reached by reducing anxiety and make up ones mindking information, the so-called dubiety reduction (Gudykunst, 1995). The uncertainty can be classified into different types.Predictive uncertainty is the inability to predict what someone will say or do. Explanatory uncertainty is the inability to explain why people behave as they do (Martin Nakayama, 2000). In fact, some level of anxiety is optimal during an interaction. Too little anxiety may convey that we dont care about the person. Too much anxiety causes us to focus only on the anxiety and not on the interaction. This model assumes that to communicate effectively we will assemblage information to help us reduce uncertainty and anxiety.The theory predicts that the most effective communicators are people who have a solid self-concept and self-esteem, have flexible attitudes (a tolerance for ambiguity, empathy) and behaviors and are complex and flexible in their categorization of others (Martin Nakayama, 2000). 2. 3. 2 The U-Curve Model This model, applied to mevery different migrant groups, is based on look for conducted by a Norwegian sociologist, Sverre Lysgaard, who interviewed Norwegian students studying in the United States. The main idea is that migrants go through fairly predictable phases in adapting to a new cultural situation.The first phase is the expectation or excitement phase. The second phase, culture shock, happens to almost everyone in intercultural transitions. During this phase, migrants experience disorientation and often a crisis of identity. Because identities are shaped and maintained by ones own cultural context, experiences in new cultural contexts often raise questions about identities. The third phase is adaptation. In this phase, how much of the migrants should be changed and to what grade should he o r she to adapt is what should be pay attention to (Martin Nakayama, 2000). 2. 3. 3 The Transition ModelCulture shock and adaptation have been viewed as a normal part of human experience, as a subcategory of transition shock. Janet Bennett (1998), a communication scholar, says that culture shock and adaptation are just like any other transition, such as going away to college, getting married, or moving from one part of the country to another. Psychologists have found that in this model most individuals prefer either a passage or support approach to unfamiliar situations. The first preference, the flight approach, is to hang back, get the lay of the land, and see how things work before taking the plunge and joining in.The second preference, the fight approach, is to get in on that point and participate. Migrants who take this approach use the trial-and-error method. Individual preference is a result of family, social, and cultural influences. An alternate to fight or flight is th e flex approach, in which the migrant uses a combination of productive fight or flight behaviors (Martin Nakayama, 2000). 3. Microculture or Subculture Microculture, as a counterpart of macroculture, refers to these groups which exist within the context of a larger society and share political and social institutions as well as some of the traits and values of the microculture.It can also be called subsocieties or subcultures. These cultural groups are called microcultures to indicate that they have distinctive cultural patterns while sharing some cultural patterns with all members of the macroculture and their unique patterns will identity themselves as members of their ill-tempered group. Cultural identity is based on several traits and values learned as a part of the national or ethnic origin, religion, gender, age, socioeconomic status, geographic region, place of residence conditions and so on (Gollnick Chinn, 1998).